本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯
z) |0 w7 J6 t; W' {* t公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; q ~( }4 r6 \! E% L) E9 u6 o4 M( h
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People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more 5.39.217.77. P) e% h1 N1 k( G
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and * b- F8 i. [4 P& v
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
% Z) M2 ?* d f5 l0 @5.39.217.77We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by + N; r* a, w6 L# ~& Z& E
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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4 g v& C! V- N# [7 r* O- D公仔箱論壇Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
* e" n1 L' L/ E# G9 \% p公仔箱論壇This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& ~5 f7 G# Q( d' z' J
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. ' p# r" E6 R+ U* N& N9 ?
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
" r s; ?, ^2 |% S' B& `with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
) A+ V! Q7 v$ l: ?' @7 Rwater can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
' O/ B( I) \4 D* P4 W, |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to 8 o1 v5 F+ t3 x+ H! I
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete 5.39.217.77+ U; X6 m* m1 f
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
) x- |( S2 U$ g, |1 tThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 ]* i7 a: |* O% t+ d' h
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ O) N7 [1 }! h, t- S3 f
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2 h: Y3 |/ C# p$ Xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbEscondida Mine, Chile9 N) P4 O: I7 y8 s4 C, ]
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
$ f. o7 r. y- F3 `, J X/ k6 Ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmore copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
" Z, s" v6 ~# v: Prepresenting nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
, W5 Z0 Q2 c/ I% u9 CThis image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
7 b) s6 z0 [! f& p$ V, O5.39.217.77aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! Y W+ F* k2 f$ a2 |
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
% Q1 b7 }2 f4 F% T% R) W; o- CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
8 O- v4 w6 B+ `; W! D3 Qmore than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
n) J4 C8 y, N: V2 w G7 cTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 5.39.217.772 k7 D) V0 |7 b! x; t; K
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
' t1 G% k( `, d: S) R: G& z9 Ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
, Y8 Y. \ `$ pfeet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
: f+ b$ }% f4 z3 r2 R5.39.217.77This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital 5.39.217.77# d( a* d# o5 P8 Z
camera and an 800mm lens.1 M# _1 f! s" f. \; C b; {( a
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6 M \. @1 @; T/ g& v# z: iTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Yuba River Goldfields, California.
( K+ `* `2 j) Y# V% v5.39.217.77The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
% w4 [8 s, }& b6 R2 c8 M( o+ ~TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& {/ b. m5 D- `3 i
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
$ ^1 k7 n* q& X4 [! itvb now,tvbnow,bttvbShortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic 5 V- y$ v. X7 R+ z
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
Q, d) C7 `/ u) `公仔箱論壇which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 公仔箱論壇3 l1 v p* x' v4 `
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.5.39.217.77& k( Q4 c1 `2 p
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
4 q) Z* l, G+ ?" _# S; S8 u公仔箱論壇extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
& S" H v @, w* {$ rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.3 z/ j* H% p4 G, j( O9 n: u& E
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ _; Z' ?- e3 l5 ^) [2 l
Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru5.39.217.77+ k$ }2 w0 c; O% |; U
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
4 P6 g2 Z7 ]/ q( H9 N1 k% ^ [! v5.39.217.77The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 ]: W: E: g8 S. }9 |
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
6 s6 ~ A. l* Rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
7 [" K) p: l/ mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbStation on Sept. 22, 2003.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 W$ v/ d6 Z f) G" q
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia
. p' m5 e. ?' E2 Y/ _9 \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% M+ u- f9 I; d4 o! I$ C5 I
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
7 T r1 ^- F. _the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 p+ \1 }: V+ K- c
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
' C* S5 y5 o! ?: qThis photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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* c* d a. P$ J4 }) }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5.39.217.775 j0 M4 C) h, y
Cananea Mine, Mexico
5 Q; `( p% i, e. ]3 \9 J公仔箱論壇The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
/ S' ?" M4 X! [5.39.217.77Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
+ H. U( Q: {% y1 N5 Agold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. $ U" i/ Z7 O7 W/ ^
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
6 ^/ l) `5 z5 T( s# a9 S3 }0 c5.39.217.77the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold., `2 w. ^' @) t/ J( K1 f
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the ( K; d+ C: D% E- O" e% H# W. {/ s
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
# _" O5 L! c9 a! @/ t1 q' r) g7 g+ |This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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% s$ Z0 i) I9 q; U& ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPhosphate Mines, Jordantvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( v8 w3 o3 P3 {8 {4 {8 J
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 公仔箱論壇& u$ K; j) r6 Y6 p" ?. o" ^
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ x6 e8 {4 V# i0 n ]- k5 n& C( {
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% q. Y% V/ Y7 b
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( T) h2 w# C/ w: I- q
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
3 Y5 {( j" Z" T; otvb now,tvbnow,bttvbsatellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
& a# j1 p4 R: f% K$ A. ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvbblue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' U1 e0 |5 J' A. }+ X: D
lower part of the image that appears striped.公仔箱論壇/ ]; p7 s2 }8 m% M
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* D' O6 N) Q+ P( r( k* pNew Cornelia Mine, Arizona
) I1 `0 A( K4 f- e5 o% |公仔箱論壇Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured $ r) l' @- [' l
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
+ ^4 l( E, Q0 J9 ?公仔箱論壇land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 G# J! D& L8 d0 z
the metal was extracted.5.39.217.77- \7 W* Y& d& P) b9 P1 p' O
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0 j( F, B. _) h6 B( S公仔箱論壇Hambach Coal Mines, GermanyTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 ]7 @( W2 ?1 m2 i' Y. |6 d' W
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. ) ?: a/ q: v6 D( p: @
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# O5 d$ C/ ^- f. Y5 P3 F# ^8 {' o" M
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
( E0 o7 N$ O6 I5 J/ o9 y* q5.39.217.77This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
I- A4 U) y! g, r7 c7 {5.39.217.77Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
+ ?/ ~. k; D/ e& atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbbare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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