本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 公仔箱論壇 \/ ?* W! _3 N; n7 i0 h
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* o. Z. g- Y H* R& P# t7 j
 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 U. I8 A, g. V+ p0 V0 _
1 ~4 _) q. A' a' W* @tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more 公仔箱論壇9 T+ `, c Z! i8 t- Y8 ] H( ], @& D
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
* V6 e9 w# q# f0 F& j' w& B/ R! ~% W% ]tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbdeforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 g$ l- i. n' D- `+ S
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 公仔箱論壇! I2 N- r9 t# h9 m
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana" K1 W- F# x6 O; ?+ V( ?* {
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. % E. E" X' U) Z! y
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. 5.39.217.77) Y/ k n3 ~' ^* a; D
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
1 }- u& c# t# {# j2 I- c3 Cwith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The 4 T/ p: A- e* Y$ c3 u0 W
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
/ n9 O# q G% t# iTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
" m& _& F y. P- L; oTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete 4 ?- _8 C7 ^" _! N1 D; N! ]0 Z. o
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.5.39.217.77) ~' o C4 T/ }& J0 R* f# N3 S5 {
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station." f ^# O1 W% r
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 h0 W0 w) b9 A3 v/ h( Q7 P5 f
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Escondida Mine, Chile
# O& v4 q. _" v) ~# W- f" f5.39.217.77The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
$ S- P4 S C2 B1 v" j* H公仔箱論壇more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
* P: w2 G: J* P# H8 s$ z5.39.217.77representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
1 ]! G1 H6 [! G+ R; Q/ ^9 ~/ ]5 \This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
, y1 W, u) D3 w7 f" e, j5.39.217.77aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah公仔箱論壇$ {! A( I, N9 h3 y9 W3 r5 j
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& L2 W& P9 ~( I- o) i# Y C* G' K
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: o. o1 e0 s: c9 r$ T0 F
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 q x: y8 c2 m$ y
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: E' d5 I' Y r7 Q; m3 h
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 公仔箱論壇+ ~. ?" a( I5 N9 b" `5 n- G
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.: Z# x- S2 R) f# F
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! w: D- [5 b6 }# {. g! w5 X% q
camera and an 800mm lens.公仔箱論壇0 D' I, X5 @! w4 b+ ]7 o2 a
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ h% d, L: T# H4 {1 r
Yuba River Goldfields, California.$ z% f& E# M5 i& L
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
8 \, l5 W) D }% a- j公仔箱論壇dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd 8 _9 F! {3 O o' c, j3 N
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
9 }0 A0 c1 \ d5.39.217.77Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
' o' _7 h0 H9 n7 L+ W5.39.217.77mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel, 公仔箱論壇/ o j% I9 Q) E5 w* y
which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 L/ R/ {' r0 T6 H$ n* Y
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ w% Q( F* \ R, @1 T2 v
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
' y+ T+ t, X! [8 S. M+ t) mTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
7 Z( Z( i8 H0 S5.39.217.77gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.公仔箱論壇1 b- F3 [/ i+ E; V" | Q$ Q
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
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2 k) R5 j) V' Z5 `# S公仔箱論壇Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru5.39.217.77: R$ o0 o. B) M+ o5 n2 e0 n" G
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
4 s G: {1 D$ ~' HThe mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
7 f! k# X" U- Q( N4 o& y公仔箱論壇constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, / K, M" B! K! ]1 d+ D) B% F4 V) y
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
2 I4 `; T. r- x7 A) P; N9 S% wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Station on Sept. 22, 2003.5.39.217.77$ @6 d }2 ^& F8 c# ^
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3 E8 Q0 H2 h. q9 u- a& D, P4 n3 rFreeport Mine, Indonesia
. ?5 H) k4 z3 W# `0 l: H) w( o/ e; b5.39.217.77The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman 5.39.217.775 C4 W# G4 [- B" }
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of , c; d! d" ?: N5 T* v1 J5 P
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
: P) D, o" X" O7 u' Gextensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
, o0 q9 ]" b6 | W) F1 r- w公仔箱論壇This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 J' W8 L+ k2 p: @7 @
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( f* `4 g1 W, ^( E5 {/ I; R
3 V/ c4 Q# W2 {8 _5 n4 x( y" p! K. d0 x公仔箱論壇
- E9 P N: J9 C) j4 tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Cananea Mine, Mexico
, E4 Q U t" ^TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada ' o0 X3 F% _: \ w
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 p9 u" P5 K f9 V4 _% l
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. , m F, N) J/ j* [- a+ G
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, k' w+ D3 t! q) o
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
8 {- P" ]1 R, J8 J; \' zA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the , q, R& `5 L* R8 S
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
* Z, {# v8 I2 B% FThis image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 K( J) e7 L A, F3 T& h4 P
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan公仔箱論壇$ @4 V& }9 E ]' c0 V
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 ?4 e3 p; p7 ]+ ]3 Y+ { ?
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
/ X. A4 y! g4 X1 [% n) _8 \2 htvb now,tvbnow,bttvbfear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
$ W7 c" }) n7 O' L# J5.39.217.77point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
( @1 k8 R5 R9 |This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra 公仔箱論壇* @) D- l+ [' q+ t, `4 B
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is $ @& L: d* Z# O" T8 `1 [
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 3 ]: u1 n. F, Y% N) q$ f1 M
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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New Cornelia Mine, Arizona5.39.217.77$ x& F# e' s% n; |
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 0 j$ D' u) }; v/ }1 d4 t+ Z2 ^0 Y
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 H1 m, h0 ~- m+ O4 l2 Y
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where g0 i9 L& J: u6 G/ j
the metal was extracted.
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! J' e+ U6 c/ G& T6 k1 W4 Y5.39.217.77Hambach Coal Mines, Germany
) p$ B( C+ I/ u0 L# \: f9 CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
' Z1 D4 M( s' S% rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
% P2 ^- |8 B6 |( k% Ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.公仔箱論壇. \9 f' V0 z& H( L
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 @2 V( K2 Z9 J) G6 S/ J
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
- |* k9 b1 v. }3 ?: W6 o, _- ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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