本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 5.39.217.777 z$ ~& d- x/ }. A( D0 I
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. J7 d f$ o3 ^' O" c9 n9 K* tTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more & p0 N a, h+ a& U6 y4 t9 b$ y9 d
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and 9 Y5 z! r( k8 I, X5 g$ ?
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
; W8 U0 C2 D4 q. m2 k) e: |1 _We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
0 h0 g# J1 H% q5.39.217.77astronauts and satellites on the following pages./ u7 G5 Y+ @5 o; @( a+ Z# o
7 v- H( t" c3 R" g [Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana5.39.217.77" {; S7 v' F7 T' i( ]) j
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
# |7 }" m; D! Y5 z+ nAn elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. 5.39.217.777 q' I/ A7 F H/ D3 `( n
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
v% e1 s9 y4 U) h+ Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
* t: N+ @' ]2 H, H1 f7 `" r5.39.217.77water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
2 n' \8 G2 r4 o( |; @Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
$ k! V- g- j, c' `- O- H4 k- C5 Y9 |contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
$ W$ V+ h+ m0 d0 H$ y4 \* `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。with gift shop and$2 admission fee.公仔箱論壇/ S$ p- w+ T3 K" \4 K3 X
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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5 f$ b7 ]4 K1 i' t* [( |/ fTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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6 A9 U: ~4 z7 ?8 Y8 ]Escondida Mine, ChileTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% s: B. g& V- i/ i1 |
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces ( M4 P- n5 q: ]
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
* q8 C5 f! F" O( g5 [1 E7 P公仔箱論壇representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* a' v; ?# i% |& ^" _2 e# d k
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
! a4 H; [1 x) A' z- J. @1 P8 |! e: b5.39.217.77aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.0 y0 b d0 k9 W6 g( }: J
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+ H2 q/ Y2 L+ R' d- O: D* G D* s; ]tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbBingham Canyon Mine, Utah o' u: w9 T- f4 g$ { ^
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
- R, @3 }3 U- b* x3 umore than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
2 C I: S1 j" a# f: Z9 dmiles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
# C2 u- M! H) d7 o% d: A/ W5 h/ Athe top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
0 x; [1 w* H' w' `& cinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 公仔箱論壇8 S% P) B- v6 |* m: p6 Q) S0 l9 U
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! ?$ ~ B e9 n" I) t+ k/ D
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
, o0 |: a* A! X! G/ t) ^TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。camera and an 800mm lens.
4 Z7 a9 T: k, B6 h& \! f2 k$ b5.39.217.77TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! ]) t0 a: ]& k2 X0 ^8 m; h
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+ t j3 o4 F% W1 Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbYuba River Goldfields, California.
# T; `+ n4 t( C. Y( U2 n4 v vThe Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, 公仔箱論壇* G, ? j: _9 o* e8 f# \
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
0 L; H7 i' Q/ a9 W4 N4 e公仔箱論壇landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
) g% g& j3 O- Y8 E7 X& S, JShortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 d' b! L) ~ S! t3 N ^
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
# X4 A3 f) v0 G公仔箱論壇which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* u; E' k: Y: x, `: }0 L+ x
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
6 Q; B6 u+ s5 S5 {4 Z% u& NTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
z2 C6 l2 a1 t- y& [8 p5 ?' i8 ?TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the , O1 z/ U2 I8 h3 _& x
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" Q% @$ R4 @' Y; \$ @1 d( {! I
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001. |/ h$ M5 m, ]$ s5 V
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1 h& ^! l |& f6 Z7 X T0 k. \+ `' P5.39.217.77Toquepala Copper Mine, Perutvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" b9 |" n" u$ J- n
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. 公仔箱論壇: i1 D2 r5 s# o& w" B- g, S
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
( N! J0 _! j3 l$ N- q% l; Yconstructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
) }0 y, H' n0 F! g公仔箱論壇heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space 公仔箱論壇* B" g9 @" X, ~
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.5.39.217.77. j/ V' n$ D$ P+ E. r& M7 |
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. Q6 M3 y% f/ P7 Y5 ` gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Freeport Mine, Indonesia% J" R. Z C: D- B$ c/ M) e
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman $ i, @- O( z4 G/ }5 Q
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 2 _3 L u& g: q' D& m
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
2 U1 }& M1 j( Y公仔箱論壇extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image., |# I& `$ a& W0 A; n7 p9 t
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, Mexicotvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' z p ^) p6 b6 Z: F
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
; q5 D1 r# {/ `. m( i5.39.217.77Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
9 w1 I! I! s. D$ ?/ Tgold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. 3 D4 ?1 k5 N: J
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, O, z" y1 X/ z4 f+ g3 Z
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
( W' s1 Z# o$ |5 r5 xA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
( d# o% U9 g3 d Q5 MMexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.5.39.217.77: i4 t) z3 s0 E7 U: H- K
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
+ S! N& F- d2 a( k9 U5.39.217.77TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 H7 ]7 ^; b8 e& j- c/ q- J
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9 k T% z) M- N( k0 k# \Phosphate Mines, Jordan
' K0 m4 G! Z- x. _/ g, r3 o公仔箱論壇Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 5.39.217.77. a( `" D7 `% x% Z2 U. k6 {
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists 公仔箱論壇0 I7 }3 V# r. \4 z, G, x
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
8 h p- I$ T v5 o% b* dpoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& |6 M( k# L5 J7 P' t8 k
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
% H" E6 a) O' A5 v3 H1 X0 I* vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
7 \% F( {: m# W; t) fblue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 5.39.217.77! G: }2 `0 A. K0 f! ^! }$ Q
lower part of the image that appears striped.5.39.217.77% {0 `& p' P" M; W
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New Cornelia Mine, Arizona% Q0 Q$ H# I6 F
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 公仔箱論壇' z+ R3 X+ b5 s
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- ^! {! w; c9 O5 f, v# [. k
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
) ]9 {3 C0 ~; K8 }2 W% e4 vtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe metal was extracted.
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+ Z; C; L7 `! o% v% w7 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Hambach Coal Mines, GermanyTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ N A) c s, l3 k$ S' w3 r
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
+ ]8 \( R+ s' ]1 C8 E d5.39.217.77One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
! q: Q- e& M+ P! \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.2 p8 ^$ e% j/ I0 K2 X+ S. z2 @
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite 5.39.217.77# J2 V1 e" e+ j7 {" y
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
" D( i8 d Q& o6 B' _ }" rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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