本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯
E7 V8 g ?! [- ^/ z) r E5.39.217.77公仔箱論壇; Z f; M9 I$ z4 Q! T' Y
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. T Z. d: _0 ?# B; ~7 S! ^; XPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more 5.39.217.778 n! Q* q8 M7 P
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
+ l8 [- ?4 x. C1 ]% I6 ndeforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
' {4 w. k2 \; ]; d- O5.39.217.77We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 5.39.217.77, m3 ?3 [6 ]2 d( M
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.- K2 z9 A& c: Z" ]6 B
/ B) D4 C# [1 q0 QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana9 t& ~' c/ [, v
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. " Q, ^8 _. I% ? Q) i6 r F
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- X! J1 m5 p) i2 L
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled5.39.217.77# k1 \% [5 ?/ L" J; E' ]) P
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The ( O- n1 _) b$ T8 e& ^& I( |( D
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.公仔箱論壇6 n4 D8 o$ v1 Y9 ~; `
Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
7 V M8 H, Q8 t7 hcontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
/ O% Q) d; O9 T) L' C) {( D5.39.217.77with gift shop and$2 admission fee.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ y5 J4 z8 G; {0 h
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* A- q/ X( K8 {: R- X
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! ]( T( }4 d# g
Escondida Mine, Chile
f! B) @6 q8 l& M# N8 Ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 公仔箱論壇7 {4 g3 r( e Q) C5 w
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and 5.39.217.77- Z2 Y& q+ _* |
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.5 c; x _- @' g, Z9 e" H. n0 _
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
( R: \8 v8 w% x% a! R5 F: Faboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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V5 z8 k* x8 u8 j! b3 o5.39.217.77Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
0 {8 U; G/ _( s9 u& A5.39.217.77Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
/ F& b" c2 o$ p3 l" vmore than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 ( n# g5 Q% m0 V+ u+ n8 W
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
9 i1 ^% B/ _& I6 ithe top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
3 h X& N# H, O% e. X) oinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 公仔箱論壇9 R6 T! d, w; ]
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.) E8 ^* B1 v& Z/ _( t
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital 公仔箱論壇0 F8 C- v* v+ T' e
camera and an 800mm lens.
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.
8 y. C/ l. `# b, C) T8 B公仔箱論壇The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
" b# g O! w$ Y# _" Y% O; B' C9 b5.39.217.77dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. N, G& _# H! h! I8 v$ R8 A. v
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
7 R d3 O7 l$ w7 W1 fTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic 5.39.217.77& v8 h' _: g0 v" b8 {7 a Z4 t
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
5 O4 a6 U9 j ^: o hwhich was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 @. \4 U" Y( x% u$ ]
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
+ V9 b4 T1 v: \1 o/ EDredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
5 d; T5 l. r$ d! M) t公仔箱論壇extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 d" E4 n6 ^* `: ?. Z
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: i$ b7 O- N3 N! n
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
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( h# D( k8 v& p/ eToquepala Copper Mine, PeruTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 A6 F& D0 c3 y& e1 u, {: P K
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. 公仔箱論壇4 l) `" h4 ]5 @1 v) {
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
+ F7 [/ a- z2 U; U! W1 Q+ MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
- s( c4 W- ?. B6 ?; Z0 sheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
* s0 {% i; Y# y, l. c公仔箱論壇Station on Sept. 22, 2003.
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia
+ A9 u" `5 |, T6 u& QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1 C+ f+ P# K; m. i% R5 Z
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 5.39.217.77) t" W8 w+ u- m$ B! C) H! c$ B
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
$ D+ a- I( w ~$ {/ Vextensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.5.39.217.770 R% j* c8 ^6 ]) y( N
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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J4 z, {+ o% a+ \7 Z" @' \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
2 G7 |6 U# d' E8 p" u公仔箱論壇Cananea Mine, Mexico5.39.217.77. s+ q) s4 }5 |- W& b$ R
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
1 W2 \% {. Y: ]( f+ sPit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) B y+ |1 y$ R
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
$ i' \* ~) x# M+ b% @The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
" l! Q! h, Q* b9 p; v3 J公仔箱論壇the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.公仔箱論壇8 x. N; K( I. y" N
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 h1 S: m% K) j4 [& e ?
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.公仔箱論壇! v8 ] t. A* c r$ R+ ^
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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Phosphate Mines, JordanTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- V1 \* s1 y! U2 {8 K0 J: T0 `
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
T4 T8 K d5 xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists 公仔箱論壇& |0 p( ?8 V* R9 F2 M
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
' z5 X: _. Y) ?3 Jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbpoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
1 j/ C$ D! L5 O4 R! {0 I+ NTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
9 X: v$ C ^8 x7 ~tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbsatellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is 公仔箱論壇/ X3 |" h" u0 s; O! p
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the # R, o7 G. V+ n5 n, L% P
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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: j+ f4 e. c) L" n( B6 H D0 {5.39.217.77 公仔箱論壇8 O8 J% p7 S' l( o; D/ v: w; V$ j2 O
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% x+ c5 s6 p8 H1 G. q; {8 q; d' V
New Cornelia Mine, ArizonaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( V& r) v1 m3 h& g& Z3 N
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 @/ B9 J; Z1 F Q4 M
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& w; M# N: d- |3 h
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: C2 E, |! \2 f! d
the metal was extracted.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 i, ~! j( c. Y- @2 N6 A
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germany
+ r2 h3 `) f$ S5 p$ G! DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
1 G: x3 Y5 J& N8 D0 ~tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator 4 L8 U5 m. ~' j( T, N
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- ~) t6 b" |( K% a: n
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
4 |. b( y& Z5 W2 e6 x( L5.39.217.77Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are & ]! d% [' a8 Z9 A; ^% s
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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