本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, M# T7 }6 d+ M6 ]9 M& W7 x
5 d7 s- |$ a# r8 T 公仔箱論壇) u- J2 _! i g v, T' n
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People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more 公仔箱論壇* d3 h/ g$ l+ x: V) l% {
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
8 b- R n4 p" y. E6 x4 H6 p! `deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 ~4 Z2 I$ _' H
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by . x$ J3 v5 d: l. y$ b; z' |
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.! |% Y0 J* t: ^* ?, ^; G/ D% |( q
; u3 @4 l8 L% N: Xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbAbove: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
# s3 m4 D, m1 i: G* J! p0 d5.39.217.77This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 7 K1 y* B9 G) [ {& K* |
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
- r/ I) t0 E( W# r- V公仔箱論壇Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled5.39.217.77* e5 D" r5 ~: t) O2 r' Y
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
; j# ^5 R: w1 _6 E6 S' ~2 g& VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ ]# U; v6 ^+ H( N( E
Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
0 s: O4 V- z8 ?6 f* o. {& W. K& uTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete 公仔箱論壇) z( K. D0 k, Y/ q5 H+ {
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.# o% Z4 F( c6 R7 q7 e! M
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ Q- A$ t) G7 |& f) X5 V* e+ d
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. u& a L0 x+ D5 s1 nEscondida Mine, Chile
0 V4 h9 C- _0 U& N! o4 K" wThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 5.39.217.773 k1 ~ A, Q& _. _: R
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and 公仔箱論壇: S$ \4 Z" ], \/ ?% |4 `' m
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.公仔箱論壇+ B$ g! V& W4 O' O* ?' G& ^
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
3 C* g" }- g: d) x/ a0 naboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
4 D" R$ C3 p" n3 rLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! h* p3 L( a4 L+ u; |- I
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 公仔箱論壇6 V# e6 e0 S" ^$ w. o/ c) J
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 公仔箱論壇) |/ g! I3 p3 d. b2 H0 E3 a" a. e0 W
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
6 o8 t, l) n- ^% V! ~4 q公仔箱論壇inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 {! z2 J2 B4 G7 e, C
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( d- A) h* d* e
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
+ A5 n5 r+ S1 q( X& Vcamera and an 800mm lens.
, u) _3 _; T' q$ Q3 d9 NTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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& j- c7 M1 L/ E2 ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvbYuba River Goldfields, California.
9 b+ D _+ c) w, y) ?' q4 GThe Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
4 n9 k& o! q4 `% {TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# B1 I9 | N' _2 l6 G
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between., S% t6 b* B8 Q1 e, @
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic 5.39.217.772 _( t! Z1 Q9 E; F/ J7 X
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
& N* @% i- y" L c* E' kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 ?( i$ i" V' _3 Z* @1 \6 |; {
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
3 J# c) O. M4 b% W+ Stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbDredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 公仔箱論壇7 N' G; @8 x- t& G; h
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! U; T" v1 ]1 H5 E+ W; z
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
/ V: `" U% I6 b2 ITVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* P5 u( K# v8 w: |) W
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9 H" c# H9 \' A: M' O8 L3 u9 Q5.39.217.77Toquepala Copper Mine, Perutvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# z) r/ k/ h9 n) z
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# `; o' @; A! n( f8 s- q! k% O
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was / N1 g+ w6 x8 n0 t/ m
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
) U+ J f7 `) x( W2 A0 nheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
2 T; [$ P! G! {5 g h8 F, {Station on Sept. 22, 2003.5.39.217.77" ]+ \. T; y+ [: V% j4 T
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia) k# g# |; x9 M# X) k
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
3 c- q9 Z6 A! gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 3 R$ h4 T+ Y3 N3 ~% j
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" ?7 u6 y1 C; u
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.2 E' ]' K& X7 y N3 n5 O3 ^( J
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, Mexico
/ h$ f- @7 e+ {The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
1 U* i, g; ~" `5.39.217.77Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 8 [3 l( V0 B/ [# {
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. $ t" U! O+ N# N1 e& _& Z Y
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 O6 I0 X$ ^. C4 E2 s1 o0 P
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.# W' ?; r) t7 o0 d
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the ! i, x# o: v' X3 S5 v& h2 R
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
1 `0 g; h* m$ G1 Z公仔箱論壇This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.5.39.217.77/ }; r& C- z' k& D
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0 m/ g- [: k+ P3 q: M% G8 O' n公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, e% b+ C) k1 w9 r' a# g
Phosphate Mines, Jordan
- R" X; t; n8 cPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 公仔箱論壇! r# l2 h4 F) [! [3 T
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
1 ]* l) \; Q' W' s: TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
3 y. m) t+ w7 k1 l Wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbpoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
/ B! `$ w, [! a* W5.39.217.77This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra 9 F6 } W" N8 z" Y
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
# u; B* s1 ^! G; ^! @公仔箱論壇blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 5.39.217.777 {) q( U+ [. O, o: i3 r, U t
lower part of the image that appears striped.
, C4 ]# N" |% _; OTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
# o; X" d3 j- t5 k) C公仔箱論壇Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 5.39.217.77: c7 j h: L! }! ^/ S$ y4 k4 O
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped * j- `' M- [! }4 `$ [
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
2 E/ j0 P' D. Y, h, w公仔箱論壇the metal was extracted.
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0 W: T" ] U, V; n+ g7 f( |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 ]3 p J( P: G* t- R+ }
$ Y; Q* Y! ]- E6 h4 {8 S) d5.39.217.77Hambach Coal Mines, Germany
7 s% ^# Z2 M. ~) f9 D8 UTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. 0 |% h- s. E6 L8 Z. S( y
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator 公仔箱論壇- i" c/ f; G" | n7 U# r$ _
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
9 m4 M/ L+ u& F+ q+ S6 @9 \6 |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite 公仔箱論壇7 _; V) M+ O5 `$ e! a: `3 Q6 O
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
' O2 X/ \ c( Z. n4 x4 C公仔箱論壇bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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