本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 5.39.217.77# ~4 _' B1 q/ n, w6 p
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( m7 G, S# E1 B+ ^% u9 k% _TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 T, Z2 N& V5 C* O$ l* }+ W' J1 F
People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
: `- J' f9 o. ^- `, c5.39.217.77of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ C$ T9 w+ X& h3 _$ @% J, j+ r. r
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.& e& Q; `/ O/ D) O$ S! @0 m! p
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 8 s$ J1 O& B3 y
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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7 H& O( o5 b7 j7 g& SAbove: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
2 ]. Z9 C* F5 q0 C9 l2 [: g4 I+ NThis former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. ( G f- C+ e0 M& F% e$ I& P7 V& c
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
2 O. |, R9 [3 L+ U: Q& M3 Gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToday, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
9 i" v+ `; @$ c$ @6 K! Awith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
* ~. T, C/ _3 ?water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
3 }) G1 _$ V, _* r8 n+ f公仔箱論壇Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
9 ?4 b, P' J$ p/ i4 H: V+ L) r5.39.217.77contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
8 T' p3 A0 j; Y: ~) bwith gift shop and$2 admission fee.
5 x. a1 u% ^8 I: X, ]: G+ TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.$ h+ u( |7 N$ F9 K" q+ W4 P9 C
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Escondida Mine, Chile
2 R" u0 N' K2 D gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 公仔箱論壇+ l" e! C; I7 d ^9 c1 V! L
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and ! |) }& K' g6 N7 J7 G
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.5.39.217.77 ?/ c- V& r7 H0 D
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
% ]0 j$ ^& `2 T/ a/ O! z. Y. Gaboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# m, B# E' \& \+ O, c
Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
6 Y2 y9 T) Y; C% N1 v. l; itvb now,tvbnow,bttvbLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- t# D; I" e7 P9 i( |; U+ C* \
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 $ N, H2 o# G- v( s1 a
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
3 A1 U% g& J# e( Y! `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces 公仔箱論壇8 \; L* |* b/ ~, N2 [" k
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
) y/ H1 n v5 T$ n; T2 Etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbfeet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
& i" \- K- E2 }) K* ^1 A/ M3 @This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital 5.39.217.775 Q$ ]* t7 \5 |0 G, s6 a
camera and an 800mm lens.
% A" Z# m* ^. H公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 v7 x6 _' I* e' q0 R" V- b
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8 l$ j- b3 [2 ?6 S) ~: M$ Y" H4 ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Yuba River Goldfields, California.公仔箱論壇1 H' _2 G1 u; ]3 e" G" V- {
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
6 w0 J |0 P2 I8 {8 Z+ jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd 5.39.217.77+ P* }* H# f8 \$ p f- Y4 \
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
6 A: G) U$ r( g) c5 f7 XShortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic 5 o' K+ j9 u5 y
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
0 n" [+ T% F# E8 U/ n- B公仔箱論壇which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' v1 h2 a% Y% ?6 w9 R: L
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.5.39.217.770 M2 F, n8 E' X& a0 y( B4 s0 ] `( l
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 w$ B: P& }- S) G5 d& ]
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) e" ^3 c; m+ b4 _- u, o1 T3 K; s' a
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
! t5 `4 I" O1 IThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
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. f ?# e& B& b; u$ `" NTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 G8 T0 G) S; z$ E" o
Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
- a! J6 Z9 Q1 f& Z9 {Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
5 C! v Z+ T# P+ h5.39.217.77The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! s. A: b* _ M4 y8 j5 k
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
. ~: e! r4 `* R. sTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
+ X, s" X4 C+ f% GStation on Sept. 22, 2003.
9 H6 X2 E: G/ }% g4 i- l- U# K Q公仔箱論壇
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, m# \( h3 J0 U( G& X) gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
! _* A/ s% o9 \ fTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Freeport Mine, IndonesiaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 v7 S2 e- i8 v+ F1 S
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman ( T7 F- h- H8 d- U0 y B
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of / k/ s7 V u- h8 X$ @; H; C0 A
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( A8 }0 N Q7 o+ ~, C- _+ n
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. g# A- i8 l, y$ y. B9 V2 X d+ B
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
v" e* _& v) o: o( S. g: H1 s9 T' s公仔箱論壇. Z6 Q4 ^7 V- G" q z6 Y( H& _
: s# }8 h1 Y+ {5 G. R: `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 m! \1 e' Z1 E/ w
Cananea Mine, Mexico
. q* m' n3 ^; q5 h* M3 \) m6 p! g5.39.217.77The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 公仔箱論壇4 f/ q E+ B- v1 M+ G
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 公仔箱論壇/ q' R+ ~/ N5 I; e: f, l! J, Z
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
9 b' a& \$ O; g6 {7 H) @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering / f6 s( P: e- g. A' `
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
. {* L9 |9 K( R; mA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
- o" j8 @7 i2 [" Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
# K5 H* ^+ E: @7 B$ ?公仔箱論壇This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
5 T" c3 o5 Z2 }* z$ cTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 h5 a0 |& `8 f$ y; O z& N7 x
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) m# h* p( ]' @ SPhosphate Mines, Jordan
4 ^- v9 J( j$ y! k: `" T" Jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
' f7 a9 X t u" ], P. Spercent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists 公仔箱論壇" |: c6 N. |+ R
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
9 i) K3 d7 ` l. Ypoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
' Q0 z; }% _/ f) ?' Z; X* M5.39.217.77This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
$ h+ b0 [% ]8 n5.39.217.77satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is / Z6 e. c: Y3 {. B) f; F
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 5.39.217.770 H* ?2 k3 l; h9 m
lower part of the image that appears striped.& z9 m4 c2 n! e
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2 _3 _& I1 j/ h/ e$ e9 V: k/ a* lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5.39.217.777 \0 {4 W9 Y2 `1 G' h2 Q, `
New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
0 c3 Q7 ^( C( Q1 Ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCopper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' q, _# b) v; W2 }" @2 x q+ U
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped 5.39.217.777 ?) h7 x: j0 B3 M' |6 A. `
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) `% a1 L8 A9 x( Q
the metal was extracted.
) N& ~" F. M8 L3 a! u q+ pTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& T/ }2 M, y5 ~0 A' l c
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germany
7 p% d5 |8 m% h7 x2 j, f4 \4 ^5.39.217.77The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
2 \& W1 G. W' l+ hOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
9 \/ G, o1 p- {7 c/ Z0 b5.39.217.77is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.) a; c z! e% d1 K
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) o% N+ @6 T: K% I
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
0 u. q! z, s8 x- |( ~公仔箱論壇bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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