“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:3 z, _0 Y8 Z% E! F# t f. S( p: n$ J2 N
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
% f: J. p$ U4 n* y J: y( G& r/ H( M* x/ t+ LTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence.5.39.217.77:8898' G- {2 ^+ N$ p; f' I: \5 m
關於代理君主的大臣之職權，文中寫道： z0 ?$ R' f0 B3 F# Y, K
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. 8 t4 w/ f5 h# s) C& l. X公仔箱論壇
換言之，假如全權大臣越權商議，君主是有權拒絕公約。 . b- P L7 Z. S! m m# c; f, RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。那麼，君主能夠如何拒絕呢？即使全權代表已經同意條約，只要君主能夠証明全權代表偏離了其意旨，君主是有權拒絕條約的：5.39.217.77:8898 V3 X1 P- i P+ v# W9 P' L: W
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. / G9 J0 X8 K4 ]7 O0 E# {% Z# ~4 c
另外，《國際法原理》第四節又指出，假如全權代表擅自立約，在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾，最終仍必須得到（君主）的准許：公仔箱論壇5 ~" a7 y% n( i `1 T
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification.9 R) [2 S' R! j1 ^ x
此外，假如條約中包含了領土割讓，還需要得到被割讓一方的同意 [9] ：公仔箱論壇4 h& C: M# i9 x
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.公仔箱論壇+ V6 o, D1 ^% Y$ C
最後，與當今國際法一樣，在第八節中，亦清楚說到，在文明國家的法學中，「恃強逼勒」的情況下所簽訂的條約，是不能生效的 [10] ：公仔箱論壇6 | }( i, A8 w7 Y& X
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.（大寫為筆者所加）tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ M9 n. I2 ]% S% U8 r
簡而言之，當時國際法似乎已清晰厘定，包含了領土割讓的條約，需要符合兩個前提才能生效：$ R# T% o; q$ D l
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) ]2 l( }4 m$ a: o! A
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指，義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而，這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢？在義律發佈公吿後的第六天，即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天，伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵，內容如下 [2] ： . E6 I* x9 M& b1 D7 l- FTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 W& M6 @6 e! Q0 _' ~# @; o
2 月 2 日，義律又向中外人士和傳媒發表第二份公告：5.39.217.77:8898/ m5 U% I1 w1 f
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure…… ( w* T1 I( y& L d8 E# Y; Y# K, l0 ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民，英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此，民眾亦毋需惶恐，因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留，而且基於引入一種華洋分治，一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ，即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣，英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。5.39.217.77:8898( q( t& P8 ?4 }4 b4 r
根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授，在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出，這兩份公告的基礎，是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之， 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ，和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ，都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」，便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。 ' U- p& U8 M8 l5.39.217.77:8898 : P8 D. _' }: o* N/ Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb可是，這兩份極重要的公告中，存在三個問題： - J" k+ c! r* _: B _4 S5 V公仔箱論壇
假如公告的基礎是以通知為依據，那麼通知又什麼作依據？琦善有否就割讓香港與義律達成協議並蓋印作實？
巴麥尊否定條約；以及
義律在港權力和公告法律效力
劉存寬教授、前香港歷史博物館館長丁新豹博士、香港嶺南大學香港與華南歷史研究部名譽研究員蕭國健教授等多名學者均認為，琦善從來沒有在任何關於割讓香港的文據上蓋關防作實 [5] 。5.39.217.77:8898 L1 w+ A1 a! w e9 E* i8 N
那麼，義律聲稱琦善蓋了關防的文據，究竟是怎麼一回事？筆者嘗試從時序、策略、琦善和義律心態三方面全方位分析「達成了初步安排」和「已有文據在案」可能性。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; z* R) f: e; s) S; D' B. J/ F
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) L( q" {5 L* ~- ^7 D
時序篇究竟「達成了初步安排」和的「文據」是如何發生的？筆者嘗試將琦善和義律在廣東談判中，由 1 月 7 日至 2 月 26 日這段關鍵的香港割讓歷史過程，重現眼前。 2 r7 V T, Z& T5 H6 t& n0 ^2 L7 m1841 年 1 月 7 日，英軍攻陷沙角和大角，清軍大敗。一星期後，義律於1月14日給琦善照會，要求琦善將香港給予英國「主治」以作「寄居」，而條件是歸還沙角和大角兩地 [6] ： s) O7 u+ ~% E; G$ r公仔箱論壇
俟貴大臣爵閣部堂允照本公使大臣十九日公文開載，將尖沙咀、香港各等處讓給英國主治，為寄居之所等由辦理，則本公使大臣等即於接到來文之時，就日將以沙角、大角二處送還。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. N& w: Q' K1 f
近聞省內有英國所屬港腳地者。未知姓名之黑人一囗，被官拘留。応請釋回。並聞有英國和相交之法蘭西國人單亞泥一名，亦被拘留。取敢請貴大臣爵閣部堂施恩，以該人釋放。蓋深知大臣爵閣部堂仁愛之心，且知該人惟修善良，堪蒙恩施。本公臣故有此請。此間相拒情形，已被善定，彼此相安。原因貴大爵閣部堂事事篤信，洞明辦理所致，實本國人民所共知矣。倘可加以仁愛恩施，必使該人遠居老親，喜樂感載。且令泰西諸國之人，聞風敬慕也。本公使大臣此次將私情致請，祈為原恕。特為此照會者。3 ?2 p# D, k. g8 Y7 ]( u# E
香港是如何開埠？（三）巴麥尊否定草約的什麼？0 w* D5 l0 p$ ]5 @
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 B' F/ W$ x! {* J2 l. D8 c
" K( o' q$ A b. ftvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# g0 Y4 H0 @/ [' Y " A$ ^1 M( O& h, ~; mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb圖為巴麥尊5.39.217.77:88985 y |) _! a5 H0 l; R% ?
: d5 f1 [" A& _公仔箱論壇上篇《心態篇》為分析琦善有否割讓香港的最後一篇。此篇，筆者會探討，究竟為什麼巴麥尊會否定草約，而他否定的又是什麼。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 y/ S0 \, P7 w
關於《穿鼻草約》的認受性，英國外交大臣巴麥尊，即義律的頂頭上司表示懷疑。在得悉義律在 1841 年 1 月 20 日所發出關於與他和琦善就割讓香港所達成協議的公告後，巴麥尊於三個月後的 4 月 21 日給義律炒魷的致函中，否定義律的「所謂協議」 [1] ：tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# S. \+ ^+ p; r- w0 u( [/ o* a3 c1 k
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. 8 o$ B6 u3 a( k; Q* W# t+ g o" Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
另外，再於 5 月 14 日致函義律的第九號文件中，巴麥尊詳細重申一遍他否定協議和公告的原因 [2] ：8 i* `) h5 ` h1 h! |3 H s3 f7 _- P. `
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.（大寫為筆者所加）5.39.217.77:88988 o% U2 U t9 @: B
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.（大寫為筆者所加） * u! I/ q" ~( S# \ c3 B公仔箱論壇
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once. 8 ^- B9 E' h. z- P( K% E" s% K
小結4 Y' V* \% |) a& ^+ G4 ~
綜合以上分析而言，琦善以義律含糊的口吻奏明道光帝，而義律又故意在攫取香港的手段上偷換概念，雙方都是以自己的方式，以達到各自目的。從廣東談判的時序、策略、琦善和義律對香港主權的心態分析後可以看到，除了香港割讓的議題上，琦善的確答應了條款的某些部分；但是關於香港割讓這一部分，盡管義律脅迫琦善割讓香港的照會中可能出現言語上的誤會 [27] ，但身為欽差的琦善，只是作為道光帝牽線木偶而已。而關於「寄居」一事，儘管琦善在道光帝允許後的確有跟義律進行磋商，但始終雙方亦沒有達成協議。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% r$ f# [; Y C' A
下篇《香港是如何開埠？（三）》，將會離開廣東談判，探討一下巴麥尊否定《穿鼻草約》，但沒有否定義律公告的議題。5 q, y. w3 Z7 y
9 p' A7 q5 Y; x# H K
註： 8 |; N2 s) k8 G5 l9 l0 v2 X4 GTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 177-179 頁。
關於翻譯問題，蔣廷黻先生表示，道光帝在 8 月 19 日收到由馬儒翰 (John Robert Morrison, 1814 年 4 月 17 日 - 1843 年 8 月 29 日 ) 翻譯的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》，出現很多嚴重誤譯，以至全文語調由上門要挾轉變為負屈（對林則徐的指控）「乞恩」，使「剿」轉而主「撫」。例如，譯「求討皇帝昭雪伸冤」（原文為 "demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress" ）。此外，譯文亦多處將原意「匡正」譯為「伸冤」，「抗議 (protest) 」譯為「告明」，「賠償」譯為「昭雪」，「要求」譯為「催討」等等。《天朝的崩潰》，茅海建著，第 173 頁， 238-239 頁。
發表於 2016-1-27 02:09 AM
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tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) ?$ y5 R: P# |9 X& H0 r
