本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1 ]- R( n* _' S6 A
5 e. }% Y* E7 }/ A公仔箱論壇 5.39.217.77:8898) F r+ ]$ y) h+ L
& P+ K* D7 P2 A/ @People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
9 \( ]+ V$ U7 ^( n$ B5 i, aTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and 公仔箱論壇5 @: h" Z$ n/ I
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* t9 R+ I" s1 i$ ^, B; D- ?
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
/ X6 E1 o. R$ B5 {astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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9 t+ V2 M- q0 u& H/ KTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, MontanaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 U1 o* E/ I) N# D
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 公仔箱論壇! k+ B' |4 }# m/ B) ~$ f+ z
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. , t: t6 L1 G7 I1 L* V
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled6 Z. [1 E+ S" F, q E
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The / |: P" I5 i( X* E3 F. _
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
! W1 H+ T. F$ L, c% gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
8 l8 J$ y/ V4 E$ [( S- Z5.39.217.77:8898contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
0 h( {8 \- h+ @' Y5.39.217.77:8898with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
* S8 J: [* t) u l) H& w+ p1 k7 r( ?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
- s7 B3 Y7 {0 Z2 y5 T" D7 ]5.39.217.77:8898TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 R' h- y3 F0 R1 L/ J# B
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8 {- ?& |" L6 r! LEscondida Mine, Chile
U8 u5 l% Y" B3 g3 y3 u公仔箱論壇The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 8 I' C3 Z' h2 v6 \
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
+ C2 B4 ~, k- W' Q2 F% D5.39.217.77:8898representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
9 t) W8 M# v* F' }3 o+ xThis image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
& w, b2 ?8 q' u" c/ w9 y9 c公仔箱論壇aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) S0 ]& ]: p/ G* ?
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
, N1 ^* f! m& I b% @ H: c0 Wtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced ' P3 d- ~9 h$ s0 f9 c5 d5 d
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 0 C F$ F' \6 q% j
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 _) e: X. y" _& G7 ~+ m* S. U
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% {9 T9 P1 t9 I/ k- |
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
$ H+ R- D' O q/ C M2 G c# pTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
% }. a* o# Q- r8 d5.39.217.77:8898This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital 5.39.217.77:88982 k( J7 R4 x% i: t. A s
camera and an 800mm lens.5.39.217.77:88989 t: P; @1 a) Q1 x; W
0 X# v, ~* Q( f" @0 I% R) f) D 公仔箱論壇 `6 g C# \- E5 y! b0 K
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.5.39.217.77:8898: V9 c+ X9 a! {9 C1 f" M! a& A, ]
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 g" p3 h6 G6 @( T, K5 T @
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
2 I" C) m, H. x6 Hlandscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.% ^# E; R. h8 m* S& h8 n+ a
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic % p( P- r" a* m) ^8 @. H
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
/ Q) P, { w5 i0 t( v3 _1 `which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
: p' a7 J% D! k+ x6 g3 Otvb now,tvbnow,bttvb685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.公仔箱論壇# C9 H: c/ ^$ h8 J2 k3 u
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
6 ~8 J, S' Z: l4 bextract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
& c K& Q& y: e7 i8 W8 @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
4 m! k6 l2 r0 W" Q" K公仔箱論壇This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 X- b, ~2 i. c6 V3 Q# J+ j/ \' d
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru! X) k% C7 ]+ \+ G
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
4 x. _% D; n$ Q$ U4 ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& a+ r+ H, v( M0 ?$ Y2 t* v# [
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
) \% Z6 Y& ]3 |. A* G, n5.39.217.77:8898heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space 公仔箱論壇6 ~* H) m; J- T* _2 U% A D
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.5.39.217.77:8898 l! P3 m$ f, a" K5 U1 L8 n
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$ R) w% I! u+ jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
# S+ \& d" W9 I! j, ~& U% H/ S8 ]Freeport Mine, Indonesiatvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ m& ] N i# m* I
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
6 @/ i; ?3 Y6 S( l5.39.217.77:8898Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
3 W0 N" A0 O/ L1 D' Q! V/ U4 Sthe largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# ]' U* Y4 N/ F% h
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
+ I$ n; t4 {) K- M2 f$ c3 S0 {This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 \, D; ]) P# X+ @
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Cananea Mine, Mexico5.39.217.77:8898( I$ n( W7 j$ _/ j& Q W
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 公仔箱論壇9 N9 c8 G! U4 k, f2 ?
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
8 F2 w- P* } n1 Z/ \公仔箱論壇gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
0 v; R2 a0 N) y; s% C" f6 d$ mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
( s, N' m5 N2 h" jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 U4 }) {/ `. O3 I! ]: ?" R* j
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 E0 L( N3 i! h6 E! R
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 y- I' V* q( q2 b6 B
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.5.39.217.77:88985 I+ ]3 q* _- n& _1 n
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; W5 Q1 J0 z- `0 E/ Y- @; @
 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 H+ |; P r5 @: ~7 ^! p- G
- j5 l: C2 t* UPhosphate Mines, Jordan
/ z, C! P' O q8 z. KTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
: {$ b$ v7 ^ Z3 x# ?; etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbpercent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: c5 E5 ]5 A1 w! J! J
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' t% Z* V5 k8 T; Y
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
$ N1 _8 H* a. \ y$ u$ DTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
/ v" _4 n4 h; k4 f* X$ a5 B3 Y0 o8 [satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
5 J F2 K( a' j9 ]9 d( @4 l9 jblue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 5.39.217.77:88986 G' n, U( _3 S. |! u( |$ D! f
lower part of the image that appears striped.公仔箱論壇/ k* F) d" [" n$ D o2 Q
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New Cornelia Mine, ArizonaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 v3 f" P% C& h" |, ~. m1 [
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured ; h( f: f! d* q
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
5 j8 A& ~; J% y& r5.39.217.77:8898land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
. U- t, k) w) |+ N( PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。the metal was extracted.公仔箱論壇: f/ R2 d/ g7 z, ~
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- ]. ?0 e- D: y, \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
- w8 X& i4 T- ~% ZHambach Coal Mines, Germany% l! \1 c `. b# o( k! h3 c% N
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. 5.39.217.77:88983 a5 f5 ]/ r; A1 H6 u
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
. J/ G$ S$ v* R. i5 X8 M7 i" Pis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
$ Z4 ?* ^9 b: J0 w/ }8 Otvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
- D* |9 ~1 Y2 ~8 {, l1 ?2 ZAug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
& l- G9 J+ J3 E1 ?5.39.217.77:8898bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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