本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 ( }* m, c, ~- V0 A
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6 O8 B) g0 W e7 U. p$ Atvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
" }5 ^4 f4 g7 ?1 m7 [3 K3 @tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbof our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and 5.39.217.77:8898 [& F' t+ d& I& i
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.5 @+ z8 C6 k5 q6 B, G
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
# _$ m- ]1 g8 g/ Oastronauts and satellites on the following pages.2 O( v$ ?1 C. A9 h Q
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montanatvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" ^1 F# X7 ^) c! J9 n
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
& Q2 v5 Y5 ^/ Y# E `" V/ _An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
# X1 \3 b- |# X, \" a& e' a, gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToday, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled" I G0 z/ }' c7 ~, E/ b* F; o. y
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* V7 z9 Y1 n* _' e8 U) F
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
3 y2 ^% }, Q; t J4 y$ |5.39.217.77:8898Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to - \% w# f2 Z# D' l. P0 L+ p! a0 ]
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete 5.39.217.77:8898- z# S: y+ T% N+ r1 W
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.5.39.217.77:8898, |, {7 y7 |0 T' B4 C
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
; Z; {1 N4 {9 ~8 kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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$ L* w1 A: W! ?1 f7 H: J8 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
$ V3 O0 @, P, a( M4 e. yEscondida Mine, Chile5.39.217.77:88984 k& S- _ G3 M! q+ f7 i4 s
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces : F) I, m: n! ]$ n' P
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and 9 Y' e' r7 x0 @
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
. `, [7 t+ t1 I% A; F) G3 |5.39.217.77:8898This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
& X& W- \& k. [/ C+ i6 @( \aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% x: A6 }( n' z* o: S* J4 N
1 L' z0 u/ P: e" F/ w+ w3 n4 H" }+ a5.39.217.77:8898 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 c2 \ |3 D$ l- a- l2 \
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah5.39.217.77:8898) ?6 ?6 v3 N) j" a2 P
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced . ? [! a' v+ [: q
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 Z* Y' m; ?8 _
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
Y2 C+ ?/ r+ k3 w1 Q; }公仔箱論壇the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
6 {6 m1 ]2 f$ M/ g' T2 m/ }$ yinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
9 g! o5 ~# X( |& p% K* _. K. |feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
% ~- K* }) x5 u/ f! y5 @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
# n) ~4 {! R; K0 W CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。camera and an 800mm lens.
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.5.39.217.77:8898, u; H" v4 |! A
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* z+ W2 p: C P% C6 i: ?
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
5 s: [% R5 k! x' slandscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.. P' k9 y# l2 S5 h# i
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 P7 Y* k# r' ~. g# ?
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
% s% x) h p- x% ^0 |: z/ Lwhich was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 2 K' W' F: b' x9 Y3 b7 b
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.公仔箱論壇" D* h/ H! z8 d9 `
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
8 L3 ?4 T) k! k% v6 Qextract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the 5.39.217.77:8898& Y' T" Q4 P/ o% m/ {- V5 E
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
8 k! R" c6 _* N/ _: D$ Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
0 C, x0 f* _, N2 z6 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' k: P( x, z8 e) F- Z. e. f
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7 S0 ]" s! W7 y& X0 e公仔箱論壇Toquepala Copper Mine, Perutvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# ?0 T7 g, i0 T3 n2 L- b
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
- e3 t+ W- ^4 EThe mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
1 e1 D! H Y1 w5 mconstructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, 公仔箱論壇# y L/ u; J. R
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
6 a- }9 W/ W2 ~7 H% L: R3 F* S公仔箱論壇Station on Sept. 22, 2003.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( \- ~5 i4 F/ S/ c
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! s {+ V8 Q0 s/ O1 ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbFreeport Mine, Indonesiatvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" ]* t! `# T0 u6 S- G* G
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
; v) g0 f; {* C9 q, y5.39.217.77:8898Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
3 Y! t/ _1 S# [( B. TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
6 i6 t& ~( `3 n! P% I) q% o5.39.217.77:8898extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 L( n9 t0 n3 c6 `0 ~+ Q9 k
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 A7 T1 u& @5 t
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% Q, h7 D$ a* E$ W4 q: ?) ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCananea Mine, Mexico
$ M* o+ C# K! e+ m; }公仔箱論壇The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 0 N: X" ?5 t/ s7 M. L
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 公仔箱論壇1 [) k7 K5 O X5 B
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. 5.39.217.77:88981 r# \! q; {9 S4 r" T u7 ?
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. r( B# v& F: @7 a/ U$ ]
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
4 u$ c- ]+ d0 HA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the - V4 o5 G' j5 N; F- d
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.公仔箱論壇1 \( Y, f, _2 L3 I( s2 R9 |
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.+ w' {5 y5 D6 u
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan% |* y6 I2 |7 `6 j0 Z; b
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 公仔箱論壇2 \8 a$ }& D4 i
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 p" o1 y4 K6 u6 e5 c
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
: R5 [8 ?) p' [8 y% l5 aTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
# Q3 s7 ]* c% q, Z7 OThis image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
/ |5 |$ K/ R# c% i/ a8 s% K4 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) k7 s% k! O4 f7 ]
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 6 U2 Q% W1 }; F; p; @9 y3 ~& X% n8 D# _
lower part of the image that appears striped.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* |- T# D3 I& f/ L! d# |
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4 y2 ~: q3 z- r8 Z% l3 N; yTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 b* A& ~( i; m( t* s: ~4 L) _, J
New Cornelia Mine, Arizona5.39.217.77:88989 o. A8 q( b+ K7 O8 i; z! l
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured & O5 n5 p9 ^3 Q9 F' W
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped 5 [4 j) |0 C) J+ ~. p+ ~8 G( C
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
% S8 I7 }- _2 l3 \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe metal was extracted.
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germany
# b1 m E- o9 v# L2 ~7 _ yThe bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. - n8 y( \& _) B3 U; G
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
8 Z4 H6 y: s& |# ]# F' g% N+ g8 u5.39.217.77:8898is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.5.39.217.77:8898/ [9 T5 U+ {2 j' C* v$ B0 K9 k- e
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite 公仔箱論壇$ ]" {$ I, k+ v/ ^
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: y/ G: _* j2 n/ P2 e8 B
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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