本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯
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People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more ; {2 Z; S4 X, c$ @% j
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
+ ^1 J% N8 m+ w- V7 y% Gtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbdeforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, m3 A* H- R9 O$ o
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 3 p' T* `! `6 F( B/ g6 [0 X
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, MontanaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. T9 V ?4 K( p- Y! Z
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
B$ z: L, X* c+ N0 h C公仔箱論壇An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ j/ ]# [) {5 I7 T" V- x
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
, V4 z/ g( P& j% |# ^公仔箱論壇with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The & J" g8 A! K% C& o8 t* A
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.公仔箱論壇/ ^$ O6 L/ n; X" { O
Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
" S1 O v1 N( m! k$ g. gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* q4 u5 j" T/ v3 M( ]$ W1 T/ s
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.1 h, c. \3 l& x; z: c4 {
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.6 m& r7 b7 n R! N; \3 s* \
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) u4 M+ |4 S. B5 y) l0 ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbEscondida Mine, Chile
4 L5 [. D z" ` |7 M+ `7 [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
0 g* G( t, H# Q2 B0 z& n" {' Vmore copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
( r& h4 v! @! K- B3 xrepresenting nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
+ O+ E0 p0 y( B1 C; q; `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 7 c2 V5 k+ p+ ^% F
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.公仔箱論壇0 Q# N: `: ?8 k4 k
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
' e) c+ \8 e u. Q1 m A公仔箱論壇Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( K3 O9 ~2 W0 c" e2 r
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
7 s% P4 J: e. i+ Etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmiles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 5.39.217.77:8898. m: T; I5 Y$ f7 @+ h
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
: m( N% I/ b" l3 T1 i1 xinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
' d3 c2 A2 ]" }* I3 S# [; L- W; dfeet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
3 i! y" o! N! h' l4 MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( r/ m7 j4 b. ^- f+ u
camera and an 800mm lens.7 I$ O8 B @1 U; X+ o Z9 R8 x
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( i4 g: @) ~0 M* l: S& KTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 r3 l; h l) T9 P, T7 r
Yuba River Goldfields, California.5.39.217.77:88980 o$ `7 }' y% F' e& q/ x8 Y% |
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, 公仔箱論壇9 V3 B3 O( t1 j( g
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
+ h9 h4 q" s9 ?- n+ `landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.. o$ W. q5 z/ F; H+ x- R1 g
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
. ]: \3 u' K1 k5.39.217.77:8898mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
6 ~4 ^1 I7 H; y( awhich was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with ' A3 l! s" ]: o: G" P! b
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.公仔箱論壇% B @6 k! L% d/ w0 H# S& c
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb Y( g+ J- {/ K; c8 a) N
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 {7 O/ J$ X- Y2 y
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
( n" T& z# s, i4 s* P5.39.217.77:8898This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.5.39.217.77:88985 S% K$ V( M! @, n% h( @/ `. }
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru* B. j1 D( I+ |# J2 S! l
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
3 r) N1 q6 W" @: p; h# y5 O, R' BThe mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
3 C4 ]0 ~7 T* c! A/ l# b! i5.39.217.77:8898constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, 5.39.217.77:8898. ~. a9 y" T; U- D! d* ?5 x
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
/ Y: r" U: c! O; D& VStation on Sept. 22, 2003.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 h* m7 @, U! h3 O
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Freeport Mine, IndonesiaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 Y/ p0 Z+ a6 e8 y4 ]
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
, z3 q& K% ]. ^$ H; |公仔箱論壇Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
. b6 ^% [8 g8 v; [1 @/ l/ Bthe largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is - M9 p0 y" ]2 O, z) r, j2 j
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
9 P. R" u; s' w( r* Y6 STVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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. ~" d8 L7 g, g) t5 w* w- I- u/ ^TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
" [/ N( f$ K, ?6 w4 u& [5.39.217.77:8898Cananea Mine, Mexico
; [2 z* ^* b/ P/ oThe Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
3 K! m* W1 W+ A1 D. b( S1 I6 X6 h5.39.217.77:8898Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
; X, G! Y7 ^" W% _9 s: Y& c( n- ^' agold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
9 i7 J$ h+ K7 J* @5.39.217.77:8898The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
K/ n# R/ z3 B% d- V4 X/ ~公仔箱論壇the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.; s6 x9 ]4 q$ B
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the " k: x; l' H/ |
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ r: U. `# O$ B4 I6 y3 o% R" {* H
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.5 m) }) E1 F, b p
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6 E4 ]1 J- I* i6 a9 }5.39.217.77:8898Phosphate Mines, Jordan
+ K6 D1 l# Q+ d6 {Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! B; g x# h$ i0 {9 E
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists 公仔箱論壇% v2 V1 r8 [3 Z5 d) x- K+ d
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the 5.39.217.77:88983 S0 t0 ]* d2 H/ }8 q
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
0 D- ]8 T' e) ~* e$ f. `公仔箱論壇This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
8 a+ t% [# k5 RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
& m& | K, j/ ` X2 }公仔箱論壇blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the
8 |8 q' `& t( E1 E( o6 M+ alower part of the image that appears striped.
! Q- q9 _" b! @+ C% dTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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" @ ^6 k% O) _# A. Z& hNew Cornelia Mine, Arizona5.39.217.77:8898& J- a9 M5 Z$ W- A& T
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured
& J/ I' U" n8 b7 k- N( w; a' h公仔箱論壇above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
, n' Q1 B/ n6 K; P) o z* H. @land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
, o% Z2 ]& k1 l$ K. athe metal was extracted.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# Y( W8 w8 ~2 R
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4 m$ l4 q# ]3 f V7 ^& s+ Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbHambach Coal Mines, Germany
+ @! J/ i! W( C# H0 Z5.39.217.77:8898The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. " `: p5 t) F8 j# ?- ~
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
% h# Q" M F* bis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.公仔箱論壇/ w$ \- W; g9 X& b
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite / c2 }+ ? @# K2 p" `- F. A( V2 ?' Z
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( Z3 U' g- o) j9 ?) y
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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