本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 公仔箱論壇" b$ h U. A. i
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# y0 s) V. S5 a2 t& p7 |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
4 m& u& b. ?5 |' _ J7 ]: }5.39.217.77:8898of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 L; Q1 R! E$ Z- l) @
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: t2 R, s0 |! r* s1 _; p' O3 |3 `% c
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
0 m% K A; D! i% Y: t+ oastronauts and satellites on the following pages.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ Y% d- V8 `1 m4 S( E+ `* j% m/ \
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
" j. W* D, S. t0 i1 I5.39.217.77:8898This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
. c# C7 ~, D" q) x2 T) r0 J& K5 c4 a: `- xAn elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
+ X$ T6 n1 Z, }7 x p8 nToday, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled公仔箱論壇, P2 H) r2 j0 N+ X* r& j/ B) O
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 ]( J/ z& P" e+ f9 r
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.7 O. Q$ B: L. h
Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
$ o7 C3 L; p: O4 @. O4 L1 Jcontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
]3 j8 d2 {+ G: }) i" J" Zwith gift shop and$2 admission fee.
1 ?' K2 V& r- H4 JThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.. E+ N8 J- u' @+ v1 }8 p* q
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" i- z9 k4 e& h4 ~+ P; eTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Escondida Mine, Chile
- U! t2 ^7 }9 K: x( ^, x+ LThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 5.39.217.77:88983 `% l) A# v+ S$ V! ~2 z
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and ; A2 |$ w; g0 I( C
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.* k0 A2 {1 y6 Y" j2 Q* Q" M, E% J
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 5.39.217.77:88983 K7 r* y: h8 b# T7 e; P2 N8 s
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
' w, O1 u5 y' v* L Ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) G* B! N8 A! d( e2 S m8 d

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) _2 ^9 U' I: x; e3 E2 {8 }7 z. `公仔箱論壇Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah5.39.217.77:8898" j' L, X2 R" h% K9 H, Z
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
: c- |/ [+ e$ \TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 V- f2 b' O- Q2 B
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
8 g$ I9 g0 X( }" {. O' ythe top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces $ H4 _* M% Z7 c/ R2 J
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
: z# d$ P% X! t8 d/ A! k0 Ufeet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
3 d; I' j: ^; ]4 x+ p2 t4 ]; o" [This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital 0 F3 [; u7 ~8 i
camera and an 800mm lens.
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.
0 \. y# y) Q A5.39.217.77:8898The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
3 q" F0 ~0 W9 X* P# e. b# `公仔箱論壇dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: j h: ?9 m0 U$ ~1 u' m& g( E
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.. _2 U: U$ L! A
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
/ Z4 p* q- K, u* Z( r- Jmining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
$ [, w. O0 x; p) ^5 ~tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwhich was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
& H; U* S' u: F, d685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.5.39.217.77:8898; e. m; T0 _$ p4 S0 a; L5 b
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
5 O( F9 t3 x8 X( OTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
% W3 [$ I' J/ h& c+ z$ e+ @gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.5.39.217.77:8898( H5 y) f5 f0 k, J
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 g% j2 {" ?# s- | z9 L5 m
. y: y# A* X1 X0 _( t% K/ k8 j1 PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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, \* @' v K9 K' etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToquepala Copper Mine, Peru5.39.217.77:8898. U2 i4 ]. T; O6 p% W) E+ l* s
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- b7 c9 K! N4 v% A/ V' z5 z9 l
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
$ r; f+ z; w" S2 m- q; dTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, 公仔箱論壇0 C( ^& E6 J2 A/ x2 O5 r
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space 6 m7 @( x' a0 D5 r0 N
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.5.39.217.77:8898+ x5 F! K! P1 g& q- M: [. W
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! Y# f& F4 T3 y) i& U f公仔箱論壇Freeport Mine, Indonesia5.39.217.77:88986 A* }4 x& Q+ O5 n' g4 Z
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
2 y% c1 x% t& l# D- `/ UMountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
4 p0 l# H: X" g. x* M" Xthe largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
# x B& w; H9 U- @- C0 m. |, nextensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
2 v T) h, D% I9 B7 \" ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.2 R# E( u$ |. E! j" x/ M
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/ L( n# P c8 BCananea Mine, Mexico
; [, P5 W. j# w/ ?TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 公仔箱論壇3 r5 \4 ^1 f' Q) h8 {
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
7 ?/ a, x" A j7 agold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 }2 n1 _% w0 F; g) ]
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering , L% B( u- ^0 M- } P. [
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 A0 h( s0 S D! Y
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the ! ^6 T6 a8 N! m1 _+ U/ f1 D, y
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
3 w# \+ k9 _8 |6 Z/ V$ h6 D公仔箱論壇This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.5.39.217.77:8898- }4 E5 g" c! s$ P+ @
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan
2 b H5 N' J8 ]. G3 CPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 4 S+ a- J( ]! a/ u' E4 X
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists 公仔箱論壇- @; z* b, Q6 s# ]. \
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the 公仔箱論壇9 t7 z$ }3 M& {% f' Z% d6 w
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.1 n6 {3 v4 T0 q1 y2 N5 d. l& l
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
+ V0 u; I! Y4 _6 f: X, csatellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
5 _1 o% B6 f7 l; U6 g' E1 @公仔箱論壇blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 5.39.217.77:8898* y4 T4 w% E$ o" u" t
lower part of the image that appears striped." e2 Q8 O) I* Z% f" U! p! ^: w x& x. b" S
% m4 |1 \/ m$ I8 F" t* u& U: R5.39.217.77:8898
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New Cornelia Mine, Arizona5.39.217.77:88980 l# [0 L2 q/ l$ b
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 5.39.217.77:8898/ v1 ?. ?+ I) ~, H" u* j: s; a% c
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped 公仔箱論壇" O1 @3 n( Y! R& i6 J; k; t
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb, q) i A! x+ ]+ Z; d1 K" b2 y0 G
the metal was extracted.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb) g3 a7 K7 u7 E7 H6 D1 e4 M) V6 |6 X% Q
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Hambach Coal Mines, GermanyTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 s8 G7 J- Q% D9 O$ t
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
" m# z) r( s& m0 WTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator 5.39.217.77:8898: M4 g/ ^3 T5 |; M, t& y
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. c) v% m( D9 o# I, h
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
# ~; A& R- v. R7 F+ A# f- ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
) u9 s& A) x. zbare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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