本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ Y/ v* d# A) Q( W% j9 e" X2 o
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: J+ e1 ~- p, H+ K' W# Btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
6 N, ?2 x! O3 {* Ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvbof our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb4 _; Y+ C2 Y$ j& @& X
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; M* d2 q; L' ^4 ^/ U
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 5.39.217.77:8898% t, }4 c1 V" t3 j" y
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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9 R+ N! J0 b5 bTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana公仔箱論壇: U# O1 a9 _' Y* B
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 9 v$ y- i: d9 \# h* {0 w
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( I7 h. U# a7 V" A
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
2 Y! [" |3 D1 _ k- {# G公仔箱論壇with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
4 U' h( k( k: ]6 W$ E, f5.39.217.77:8898water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
h0 K0 l" k- _% N3 n4 Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
6 ?$ Q# l! C9 _% W5 K3 _tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbcontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
2 O4 ?# n3 `- L: g公仔箱論壇with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
' Q7 K6 z0 S' h0 b; g. w- Y; xThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.公仔箱論壇: q) E5 `% q# ^& ^' }( N4 w3 S
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, e+ e) [" n0 ?- ?+ j. L公仔箱論壇Escondida Mine, ChileTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. w& E1 D& Y4 N6 h
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
+ d; n- _, q: ]- _. Q0 g$ itvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmore copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
4 B) Q: L7 s1 N8 E5 `9 o: C4 nTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
1 o& R) e! x/ ]This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
+ L$ }- W, [8 ~6 U/ U' XTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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4 M: ?+ o& ]# _9 S* _2 x5 G. `Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah, ^+ O: E6 ~3 _& r
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
/ I0 F; n* }. o2 C- @' F. a8 imore than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 5.39.217.77:8898: g! p, {/ ?' R8 {; C
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
' m2 [/ V# U/ ?' p4 Utvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
: P( \4 B" J( w, U+ o5 ?公仔箱論壇inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
/ _! e! N, F& R y" F& mTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
' r$ E2 x/ G+ Y+ O5 D5.39.217.77:8898This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
& d) B, x3 X8 G( }; Z( k5.39.217.77:8898camera and an 800mm lens.公仔箱論壇3 a! o, z* H* `/ j9 g1 Y2 O3 L
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 T) \' v/ \. c$ S! x" j+ Z
 公仔箱論壇) B4 j* |, D8 O; N5 N4 o N' x7 {
) r" N; G! s% E* _: ?TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Yuba River Goldfields, California.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ @0 ]4 c4 J X% v' @) h
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, . g9 \# g2 h. s+ R" M
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd 2 L9 K+ J- d4 ~- v
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
! A" S: Z K1 |4 HTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic
2 i V) V) ]* d* T% WTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
- B( F$ p4 _2 n3 L+ o5 H公仔箱論壇which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
! z3 s: Z* v' C" Z2 z1 BTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
; F# ]/ C5 G- K5.39.217.77:8898Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to
+ y9 _5 \. N L/ ]- ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbextract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
/ C( A4 {5 ]- | v2 y) stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbgravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 y3 t5 M9 f8 ^, }( Q" ~
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
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4 n/ y6 d6 J) { L$ Y" U, JTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
. Q1 d c0 J' E l* `& m$ D2 j7 s1 ~公仔箱論壇Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
7 ] E, K5 y" o5 r( K. P. Q5.39.217.77:8898The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
. V" t0 L3 @/ L, u. J5.39.217.77:8898constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
( ]4 X: j" i% C( {9 O5 Pheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
* j$ h: }, b, T7 W* w* P" i9 ]6 @5.39.217.77:8898Station on Sept. 22, 2003.公仔箱論壇, m7 L$ W0 S$ p. d* j5 D% M1 T; W
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 E( n1 M) _3 K0 c. K1 \, w& N/ V/ U
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia公仔箱論壇* a, @% `( S9 F
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman & p h, ^* c( }8 V$ [1 X8 ?
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
. _- y, y6 e1 f; K1 B) [" ^' {% C4 Y( [5.39.217.77:8898the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
; P Z5 i6 G, G9 b7 b- W ^extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.
6 E% W8 H4 l/ U* V4 w/ uThis photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.公仔箱論壇: o# \' V1 S' r8 j) j4 h; B# A
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Cananea Mine, Mexico
& P4 V9 }# C: ~The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 E6 V9 U9 r# q9 L/ W2 y+ S
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
7 F8 C" k: r$ j N+ T) l. t6 Zgold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
1 y6 z: X7 ]2 k# l公仔箱論壇The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
5 Y% c7 h0 ]7 L% t. lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.3 e4 b9 r0 Y+ E y. g
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 _( J- {* F, L9 Q
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 l- R8 M; K! U" V$ R
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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0 W; v; k! [& x# ^ H) A q! F( ~% kPhosphate Mines, Jordan
8 P. `. S b m$ w0 p0 {5.39.217.77:8898Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 5.39.217.77:88984 k/ b4 j0 G6 F3 T
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
6 n$ [1 J$ b& T/ f( _% |. n& kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the 5.39.217.77:88987 _* b# K. h7 B7 T, A4 ~- P! ~
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.5.39.217.77:8898: R* h9 K( r) Q
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
4 C( A, l& W# L( F3 H, V+ Qsatellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! G" W7 Z* k. k9 i3 @
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the
) V! z* e: B2 w8 _# ?0 }7 Vlower part of the image that appears striped.
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; A4 I; A: h- r; g }& _公仔箱論壇New Cornelia Mine, Arizona( x4 Y& L! e1 h' D; Q
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 公仔箱論壇5 S; O2 @% M2 j, V
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped 5.39.217.77:8898. O0 V: a) L% Q) S, N. C7 B
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where 5.39.217.77:88989 |/ Z$ s: ?- l4 y4 |& F
the metal was extracted.
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# ? X: H5 W s5.39.217.77:8898Hambach Coal Mines, Germany
" D- V% c8 j; E% H5.39.217.77:8898The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
" d; s7 D) e' B5 OOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
; @5 ^# i# y* @# U Q: H$ Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
7 T; }" U* u2 ~( v* z公仔箱論壇This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
: v! ] ?0 O' C/ O7 H9 z" a3 }5.39.217.77:8898Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
5 v9 R; E( E+ S \1 d- w9 Sbare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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