本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯
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0 e& t) j: F0 [1 @7 RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇& C7 S5 X# l5 ~( u, Z. u- {
People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more ! ~( @& G5 [# ~2 M. F
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
) V/ f+ {" ~' R6 o' @; |0 ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbdeforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.( Z& V* K/ }7 d# }
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 5.39.217.77:8898) @( L4 c/ n7 y9 u. |& X
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.5.39.217.77:8898! I0 u, R( j. N8 V, B* v3 y
7 _6 e' x( u( d* r7 _, {5.39.217.77:8898Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana9 O7 w/ s4 q, L2 W
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 公仔箱論壇! ]3 }7 v& h2 B8 V: B1 {
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. & r- g7 a+ @6 p# l! @: I. t2 e
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled公仔箱論壇0 c8 z: Z3 x' \1 W1 Y
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ I E! h7 f* \' ?% m5 u- M
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
& D" W4 R0 K: y( ?" u: ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
/ B5 }5 u( M; s& H7 ~tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbcontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete ' V" r5 A9 n' W7 t
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
$ l* K9 A$ N- l& R公仔箱論壇This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.. \* Z; L0 F1 O4 L0 J- `: C% N" j
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。& s Y V! Q y
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1 U1 s" B" u/ f; G6 ?5.39.217.77:8898Escondida Mine, Chile5.39.217.77:88986 w' l A" [5 |) S/ _
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces & u% m F1 Y' M, u: s
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and " G5 i* h& I/ @0 \
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
8 M& s9 N# P V- S. ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 公仔箱論壇0 y2 F/ d/ G9 z
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
$ d/ s% j9 }/ u, M" c5 e* g- nTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
6 j; t8 q( S. D) G N7 t4 ?# ^" ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
4 L0 e; j! w% s- A! ?5 y) {% j5.39.217.77:8898miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 5.39.217.77:88986 I7 |6 d; T/ q' [# U, T
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 K) A4 K, A+ C- O# A0 w8 ~, {
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 x3 f5 e" T- Y4 T3 m5 B" q
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.
& l" O, N+ I4 stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 d2 l8 Z" ]7 o( U) G }
camera and an 800mm lens.
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. _3 N& c+ S1 t8 \: a5.39.217.77:8898Yuba River Goldfields, California.
) E0 S& G2 n9 o _% N5.39.217.77:8898The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
( I, ^* q2 k/ E; |9 ITVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
" H( u' S: @5 p2 ?- T. J$ `. I5 xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvblandscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
8 A( C8 Q& N0 k6 P; j$ ]tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbShortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic 公仔箱論壇- \; a. v, w1 K& p7 @: y6 e
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
- t" ]' {2 L; o2 x5 j! }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
! E: w1 h7 d) N) YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.公仔箱論壇, t# c/ c7 V; J
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 6 X' s( Q( c' q* W5 N
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. ~% C1 e" j0 e! e# U- B
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.公仔箱論壇' J8 b9 T: t/ G0 [
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. U! X4 a; p3 O. R. k. v3 z
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru公仔箱論壇$ ?$ ~+ k" F% h) ~8 _: T
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 p, G* U( l$ [! ^; `3 J7 Q
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
& l% [7 j8 w; r* G. n8 g, \tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbconstructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 y, w; r; F' J+ V/ D+ G
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space 8 }# V. u4 T/ z4 U. f* \, F
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.
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% ~# Y' ?+ L' T) Stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbFreeport Mine, Indonesia
8 s. v5 V% k5 l) j4 ^! ]2 E9 N; eThe Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman 9 ~, b- _9 N9 m/ y! a) p
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
# i) z( \. X6 C# |the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is ! _+ g" u, p4 n# D/ W
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. W# F$ Z; H% v o7 V" _' N
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: | S. L! [7 W
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Cananea Mine, Mexico
2 e- z5 V/ }2 U4 n7 A3 |! \5.39.217.77:8898The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
' n q( A; L6 E" V8 d. x公仔箱論壇Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: ~6 g5 D5 U+ e3 d3 W, D
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
) u4 b, J% y7 ^& d$ R5 d( q5.39.217.77:8898The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 O& G; J: g* L9 D9 O
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.7 d" j5 ]/ y* T' D5 I4 `1 @% H" J
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the 公仔箱論壇9 _+ y; t# H2 R0 b+ v, x
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.5.39.217.77:88982 F: r' y, w' [* [$ A) e8 M2 H1 K
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! G8 a! J& H3 m9 L Q' M
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; e% z. k9 E) t3 n5.39.217.77:8898Phosphate Mines, Jordan
. e7 k6 j6 H# N/ `+ H8 b& ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 8 \( v" R. m) C1 h; u' y9 M. N! Z
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists ! \# o Z: K$ z N$ o8 T7 W
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
Y& g# a7 U S) a/ B* Ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbpoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.5.39.217.77:88981 m, V" D6 T, c% a% R; |
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
& R1 _4 N. E5 i" N: fTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is * k5 ?5 n9 |; a% f/ a! u
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 1 F% t; S7 U+ C# Q( ~4 O
lower part of the image that appears striped.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 t" X8 U& n- M$ c
% s9 F; _. }% u* r* O 5.39.217.77:88987 G' w/ k1 ^+ B( ^ Y
; x4 s0 g5 Y9 i( m- RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
C& V* F* j1 w% y/ w; U- Y3 h5.39.217.77:8898Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured
6 m% v3 S2 n- P" R$ VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
' ]* @% l1 M& K. p+ |land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
0 E9 d# [: Y: a0 P公仔箱論壇the metal was extracted.
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+ {: B1 n0 Q% c1 D公仔箱論壇Hambach Coal Mines, Germany5.39.217.77:8898/ o. a: y8 h. ], I) b1 t' o i
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. 9 b" V1 V3 D6 r/ g$ `) C
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
% C' g8 Q/ G- a2 q2 B9 ]2 E# Ais twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
2 ~" e3 t& L4 y* lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 W+ G, S1 Y8 O; Q. W: i, e
Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 q- Z' l* O) ^9 p
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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