本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 ' Q3 J6 N" @5 l% h, m6 x- v
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 公仔箱論壇) P" y$ y9 s. ~; O* s' F" ?
% e8 q" b u7 M E0 Y2 M/ ]6 p公仔箱論壇People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1 R! o: F2 {5 q8 D! ?+ G2 E- s
of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
$ M! z* Y/ j. u2 R7 K7 Fdeforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.- I8 [1 G4 ?/ H: z ~. Z- O
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
- e1 H( ~0 u/ e! B3 \1 JTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
/ H) x0 r* `0 XTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
3 w! @+ u3 z& ~$ b7 H, _* U& W5.39.217.77:8898Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana! k( | @5 T% Z3 f' [
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
8 f7 n- [4 Q2 I: _An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. # ~$ ^$ \4 N' }% q6 R) M( a
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled; B5 |) H0 I( @: t+ B! Q# K* K2 W
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
. _/ |) J$ Z; l* a+ F/ j$ Z3 w5 Swater can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
6 l* L, y" H; u2 ~Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
8 D% X+ ~7 G4 |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete
' g* h/ b0 C. ~: N/ uwith gift shop and$2 admission fee.
) Y% W* R& t3 w3 T' S3 f" z$ EThis photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station." X5 f& z! I. @3 z: f8 {6 c8 \! l# T
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Escondida Mine, Chile6 B w( f R/ [- K
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
/ \9 l+ f' I: o' Omore copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) w9 z* U3 Y8 u7 ]0 h2 {
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" J. P* k1 e* D% ^. e( d1 ?/ p/ z
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer : ?& S5 J2 C. w
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.5.39.217.77:8898" u& m+ v& B. j( `0 A& t7 \" M
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& f! [& a- H( `5.39.217.77:8898TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 i+ w( G, A. B m
Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
3 I9 v% S; w5 Q) q, e: vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
) K! f4 X. `5 Rmore than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
( `5 P' X x( X& |( M" Cmiles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 5.39.217.77:88986 ~1 B, m3 [( U
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces 公仔箱論壇" t) z8 w' o4 T; p! |8 ^. C7 a( M
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 公仔箱論壇2 a5 l1 I7 q- P( R
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.8 T+ B4 `" B) g9 S- t7 Q+ n
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
- M( W M1 @5 N) N. E9 ncamera and an 800mm lens.
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$ H) e% V5 G, ~# [; ?Yuba River Goldfields, California.
4 v+ r. u! x, Y+ A5.39.217.77:8898The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, 5.39.217.77:8898) {6 O7 d5 {( K7 g- X
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
# H- j( ?/ J, U3 T% _landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.4 E0 ]" H& \0 `& U' O( c1 w
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; _/ q) c7 z) t
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
( _. ^0 o* ~/ {" J0 D5 a1 Ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbwhich was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 公仔箱論壇! J1 O' y5 b. S0 R! U
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.
2 s7 w. l1 [8 Z. \# KDredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 8 f7 T: |! f+ z# k% m
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the : [ z5 l! S; ]7 d1 Z
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
. t/ x; q9 Y; h; ]( z4 _TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* f. _3 Z& B- Q! t% n) t
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru. V9 Q! G& }# \2 u7 u* ^3 H9 R
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 z# X1 r/ I6 b* t+ a
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。# |0 a3 ?9 z+ w; ?$ |9 z+ M
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, # a B' D% Y% n' B! F3 Z8 z/ s
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
! _/ p8 r8 ^. N% r4 M7 Z5.39.217.77:8898Station on Sept. 22, 2003.
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia5.39.217.77:88987 q4 h' `) ~0 N. N, T
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
4 o; ^' h! O6 ~TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 5.39.217.77:88987 {) s! e) [: B" k0 @
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is ( F3 f6 u% L. \
extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image./ g4 [6 P. ?! ]- m
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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Cananea Mine, Mexico
* P' e. |5 P: c% H( R5.39.217.77:8898The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada 0 n5 B7 u: Q( o' S, R& {$ o% u: V
Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains
1 [: [/ Y( T& Y9 R9 |+ g; G; ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbgold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
3 N5 j/ L. i0 h$ i- {1 e: m; E# V+ j+ y5.39.217.77:8898The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ _) n4 t4 p2 z4 k8 d
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 `+ y/ |3 S3 I6 p. Y, X3 d4 T g
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the 公仔箱論壇* S( l: W6 j6 |/ J
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.
. x3 ~0 b/ a5 B2 [/ X公仔箱論壇This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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) k- K* w4 D$ J' y; d' h M9 wTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, w$ @6 F7 g4 w; G
Phosphate Mines, Jordan公仔箱論壇2 e( @" p* y8 I+ Y& A
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60 1 g5 J2 _" R' r- \7 [8 [" |
percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists 5.39.217.77:8898' b2 E# |8 R, l# n3 s9 u
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! F, W5 ~+ C; R$ z; ^
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.( `9 A% b& i8 i4 Q
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
# ?! U8 N9 W$ p+ m" J. tsatellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
& R1 @9 L' ]$ l3 Q# M+ O9 Otvb now,tvbnow,bttvbblue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the
/ l$ s3 {7 S" t& V% n3 ~9 d! y5.39.217.77:8898lower part of the image that appears striped.4 C0 l7 ]) }4 Z: G8 \: L
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- m: I# `3 X2 FNew Cornelia Mine, Arizona
( W4 m8 E. y$ V% MCopper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ J2 D* l8 ~5 |
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped , r+ `5 Z7 J; V0 y) u* e
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where 5.39.217.77:8898, W7 L7 _. h7 `3 o8 k. V8 S
the metal was extracted.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ N* z6 D4 r* ^2 {
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) t! X* Y/ y3 ]+ M6 K
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2 T* ]( ?/ O" }6 }8 Y/ i/ k( }& J. NHambach Coal Mines, Germany
, Z3 Q: r* m( P3 X6 @, d [8 O& pThe bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ G1 E" z: G! i; z+ H9 X" I
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
; y% a- w* ~% {$ t* p0 [is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.公仔箱論壇( G( b# _ x. H% D
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
. o( d- d- A$ lAug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
1 ?* Y: g) C" C) jbare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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