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# w2 i$ |: M. ?' Z, UPeople have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
' Y4 I/ r9 n' STVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and 公仔箱論壇) s" V  v) |9 t2 _' H8 ?4 Q
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; H: i" \+ l& q; u' c/ H
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
$ \7 P( d9 W2 |5.39.217.77:8898astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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6 z/ m4 f$ ?' _: b6 \/ ^0 @2 O2 _tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbAbove: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana: L7 q7 i# d1 L. g/ t
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 公仔箱論壇* Z6 x7 t& \4 u! d# G' a3 P; j8 W( F* U
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
( I( X% V. e/ C7 z/ T  H( [' r% U* x公仔箱論壇Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled/ f+ Y7 A5 R6 |) k
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
3 h" e) G6 `1 _% J+ i公仔箱論壇water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
% H# N& Z. [  Xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. d2 P+ n5 x2 j- D, a: \
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete # J4 s! R8 e5 A
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.公仔箱論壇' J7 Y9 \) [  X" I
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ c# t+ t: m3 m9 i0 I1 ^$ I2 u

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Escondida Mine, Chile( X; W9 s1 Q6 E% z
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
) H( ?" |) r" h: k- L3 K9 p公仔箱論壇more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and
8 b# \% _, I$ ?$ ~公仔箱論壇representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
9 g) Y" Q; N0 [! g' b' x" E8 otvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 公仔箱論壇1 E# N4 X3 E  ]$ B
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
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# k& W6 j1 y1 d# S: g( ?* S2 k6 b2 CTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
9 U5 G* _  O. G5 A/ Y/ d" ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! h2 {2 w1 [. N$ c! U9 K
Bingham Canyon Mine, UtahTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! m5 W0 w- Z, x) f; n
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced 0 B; Z( D, u6 ~% ?# Q
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
* }- s) O& |% U7 L1 O" F1 {7 ~miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
$ _, A& w, v0 U! e! s5 q5.39.217.77:8898the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
9 j8 u' Q8 S' n# W8 X0 L5 _$ Ntvb now,tvbnow,bttvbinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80
% \6 s+ p8 G  c  j. dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbfeet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.公仔箱論壇$ g, l* _2 O1 ^' I6 L% h
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; ^/ Z2 C" v% z# A. x
camera and an 800mm lens.1 F3 a1 ]2 `3 W

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+ H+ R8 Y9 t$ W! u7 v' T公仔箱論壇Yuba River Goldfields, California.
; [2 d9 H' P4 x8 j& T/ r7 {tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, 公仔箱論壇+ O  ^/ M) g( r' T. e
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
" C+ x/ H$ B, b$ u" UTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 y; B  {/ K* q2 _$ i: c# c7 t
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( a2 _5 x/ v/ r( l4 k
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
+ Y' l0 L$ V5 k% X1 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
  v! f6 Q7 E+ b' D4 A; W/ @8 k6 ^公仔箱論壇685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.8 M" q3 ^5 J5 O) C; D7 |7 _
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to " T+ \( c  c0 Q" E/ ^$ w
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the 2 j& N3 G! O. c  G6 }- M7 z1 C# Q5 W
gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
; Z8 S8 q+ {7 n5 D  U公仔箱論壇This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.5.39.217.77:8898$ l7 X. Z0 \! h( r. ?  e+ w

: T1 U2 I2 A5 x+ ctvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) i4 x7 Y' \1 K9 [' ^1 f! x
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. _- |3 l1 J$ b" N+ p  t; Q. \' l
Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru1 a$ u- p) O6 |9 d/ ~
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 {1 w2 d6 Q( ?7 H/ T# [
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( D7 {( a' Q* t9 m& @* _
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
2 a+ V) {2 R/ r0 S4 Cheading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
) n) y9 F. ~* OStation on Sept. 22, 2003.
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* b. s- H; v- Z5 {# w8 }5.39.217.77:8898TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; E1 O  l! H# t) C- Z% g
Freeport Mine, Indonesia  K) M4 m) s# }, B# l2 k( E; {
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman
% k& t  z2 X* h; \. N- B5.39.217.77:8898Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 公仔箱論壇' X4 T0 k4 g6 Q& b/ M
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
: E# z/ L8 Q# textensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 W# N6 I& l" x* j2 O1 v: S
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: T- R2 U* @, j8 B- q
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# H) E$ s1 C* Q7 y& ?5.39.217.77:8898Cananea Mine, Mexicotvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& b( d5 O3 M/ t/ k6 h' b  s
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
9 t& P7 E6 t7 O! KPit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 0 c% Q& ?! N# d7 [6 u
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ v, K8 ?' w8 |1 |% k
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ y8 m! E( q9 d6 A; \7 W
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
! f% a& A, D$ v0 ]0 U2 d+ C# Vtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbA 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
) W7 Z& i3 {& m  [# Ztvb now,tvbnow,bttvbMexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.; c7 q$ ]/ i' R( M( m; }$ Y
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 h" f: R2 i5 A5 B' u' X
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan
7 w* W/ C! N1 qtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
" Z& ~# r+ \, F* b. f  p" @/ ]5.39.217.77:8898percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists $ ?8 r5 x% r5 p) V7 Q
fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
. ~1 Z5 S6 o- E7 J. l5 C公仔箱論壇point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.* a5 Y; o) N0 N
This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
+ D# L# F4 u( t2 c. D: E* k" ?9 h  asatellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is 公仔箱論壇) \: V2 E0 p; K' I9 u% p( Y, i
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ D- h" I% U) _" D
lower part of the image that appears striped.+ |7 d. W" b- c$ K
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New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
" D" x# V/ c0 b' V5.39.217.77:8898Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured 公仔箱論壇5 |( B% c2 W* O
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
" ^) u, c8 `% K- L' ~, M公仔箱論壇land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where 2 G6 ?$ X* i: z- P0 f
the metal was extracted.
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$ E/ a4 [8 s1 |5 GHambach Coal Mines, Germany
+ p2 z, ?2 G5 U: g! G! Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
' d) a9 |' f7 l7 i) G2 T: u1 mOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
1 z/ {0 l4 s$ c- ^* Y+ a5.39.217.77:8898is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.5.39.217.77:8898& v- M% [3 a8 R" M4 F$ k$ b7 _/ g
This image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
8 ?) H6 T9 o3 q8 }9 mTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 w. b; a: o1 M/ _5 p' B0 l
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.