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7 c$ ~0 G" X" ~& E- RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
+ O6 U( E4 O9 @+ S) l. |5 ]of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
7 O4 S, n9 b7 o1 T" \5.39.217.77:8898deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb  Y: ]+ p- u' Q, l  I
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by 7 e$ M, P; c. {9 t2 ^
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.$ [4 T& H, z. L1 s& |' ]
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, MontanaTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 y; h3 U7 l" F8 c
This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
3 K3 ~! ?3 d+ f. X, J$ ?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbAn elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
! v, h/ M- c; X! P; G' ~, |tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbToday, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filledTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 k. ?: z& C; T2 ?, J' T# a
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The
5 A  u9 j; w, r1 ^9 a5.39.217.77:8898water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.公仔箱論壇* D2 x0 j3 j- r0 E
Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
: G+ C- n/ U5 Y# {+ i$ G5 ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvbcontaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete 公仔箱論壇- E0 ^9 Q) K" D, v- L
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。3 S. K) v$ }3 e  \- q: O
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.& _: O: i8 Z) ^

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Escondida Mine, Chile5.39.217.77:8898* R! ~5 f0 R: q  y4 b* |2 {. w9 O
The Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces 5 V0 ~& u4 R2 ?" u4 N* @* y
more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and ! n$ u/ C5 D) q. z# R$ A& o
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.
2 o( [5 m; h, u' h- a5.39.217.77:8898This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
- I# J) a- R( V' C1 ]" w8 ?公仔箱論壇aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.
: j  u  O1 x) ?0 j1 C8 bTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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8 m; ]& g, Q4 i8 y& d. [, `5.39.217.77:8898Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
5 ~  g; H! \& o) }tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
4 E4 u3 T: o# P$ ?TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: o  F2 L1 b. b% K- p% c
miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach
( N+ L% w. P- v" F4 `公仔箱論壇the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces
. l4 E0 Y+ d! p% kinside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 5.39.217.77:8898% W: i9 w/ Z0 l' _1 N! s
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.5.39.217.77:88985 s2 D$ Q8 G3 m+ \% H
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
9 W7 R4 K+ N0 y( {. c( _1 \camera and an 800mm lens.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' L6 Q  s7 g2 ^$ x5 R8 Y: Q1 W1 Y) W

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: B+ N6 i. t2 Z! y# D公仔箱論壇Yuba River Goldfields, California.
0 O* K; I7 F% w  O+ AThe Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada, + N4 q1 L0 `' P5 \
dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd 5.39.217.77:8898! m/ D4 c* ?  Z' S' y! |. E# b
landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。1 T% s2 E4 s6 p
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic ! o' s6 N. h$ b- T7 I
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
; o) q3 M! S+ k0 L/ }- P, h4 v# c9 TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with
6 ?+ Y) b; P: ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 a2 [( o) F' l' @  i; d. q
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 5 J7 H8 x( s$ X7 p; _; F
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
& }5 ~) `" W" I2 ^1 |TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。gravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ I/ v, V, O6 W' d( y
This image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.公仔箱論壇/ j' L+ Z) V3 c/ u
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru
5 n- n, ?% O1 F; W+ z5.39.217.77:8898Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep.
$ H! F9 ^, q! S+ N* N5.39.217.77:8898The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was 3 h4 ^4 f4 c% @) V- \0 J- O
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
$ q  R" `) l. @+ ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space . y9 q7 c' u% @1 C0 S
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.* i8 a1 \) W$ `, h6 I% R8 C

0 n3 s4 m  U! C  I7 D( V5.39.217.77:88985.39.217.77:8898( @# e) k; j* y& T) e
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Freeport Mine, Indonesia
1 F+ Y( t6 ]8 N; O9 w4 ~% o9 Z' k& utvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; F/ W  Z: h9 E
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of $ w$ [( x5 |$ @3 z, b
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
+ ?# z! Y& s5 X9 ]5.39.217.77:8898extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.5.39.217.77:8898+ K! \2 J6 E+ _
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb/ d* v9 P6 y+ o, d! h# b' z" k
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$ ^' }; c2 J" Z; V! ^! J% j公仔箱論壇TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。. P8 z5 g; b) ?; W1 B# f' ^
Cananea Mine, Mexico
; H) J6 Y. b9 x$ B# ?5.39.217.77:8898The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
( E& y3 t1 x; b/ Q7 etvb now,tvbnow,bttvbPit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 公仔箱論壇& k8 j& p8 @! y* i: L3 w! U+ K
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock.
; r! y6 j; L0 @+ x8 J, R3 AThe magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering 5.39.217.77:8898, ?$ G$ s$ o! y6 G% E
the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.+ l0 N; Y+ n0 u. A; F5 M. `
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the
. C" B& j# W" k# S: D/ w# y+ D0 u$ m) u公仔箱論壇Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb  V) z- |: q7 B4 I2 ?$ d0 }
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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Phosphate Mines, Jordantvb now,tvbnow,bttvb  O$ e) N4 T- U2 l  N! [
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
$ @+ i+ T: h, Q- ]5 y) `* j) ^percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
& W1 r: N# R# s0 H" _% C! ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbfear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
3 e6 S2 j0 ^* @- {2 H+ C8 W" ?5.39.217.77:8898point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
- X8 `, H0 W$ S/ }/ x9 YThis image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
/ f/ f1 @: [5 s" B4 a/ b) g5.39.217.77:8898satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 c5 b' g/ i, U' S1 e% u
blue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the 5.39.217.77:8898/ w* @# K& Z( J( I
lower part of the image that appears striped.' J- ^) D+ I- K9 D5 G

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- m% A; l2 l* i" ?+ E' e! @) D* zTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。New Cornelia Mine, Arizonatvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 M8 R7 T! s% T: z0 G
Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured
3 J, l% Q1 @. \, E" J* F5.39.217.77:8898above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
: s/ {0 K% S! W0 ^. A& HTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where
7 _/ P/ A$ D! [# A: X7 o: `tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbthe metal was extracted.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( R) g8 ~6 S" k% D

9 \/ X' @) X! H, X% r5 g  MTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- y& P" r& f& y. `! V
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germany公仔箱論壇- m) C, a' O* n! @! i
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
3 ^. t' f) t4 e. t; @7 r) aOne of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
, q8 Z6 z5 l% b  j& n5 Cis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
% V+ F. ^0 e2 A1 btvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
2 j+ c2 t/ C. [  O0 `; U5 I( Q/ WAug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are ) ^, p8 J4 [) X- P* Y, `
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.