本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2014-10-27 07:44 AM 編輯 2 d t4 j; d. W. @2 ~' ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 I1 W( w# g- j# G& F' Q 四中全會｜耶大教授：中共「依法治國」的真正意思公仔箱論壇5 _2 A* E& Z W3 P$ F5 [
, x; ~0 f% z; _4 _& Q5 d
0 H* V$ Q0 k# u7 oTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。美國耶魯大學法學院教授兼該校中國法律中心主任葛維寶（Paul Gewirtz），就著近期香港爆發連串的民主抗爭，被中國官方《人民日報》標纖為「非法」及呼籲維護香港的「法治」，以至用「依法治國」為主題的四中全會，於《紐約時報》撰文，談及中國如何理解法治（rule of law）這個原則。 6 C. _2 h) p7 ?1 Btvb now,tvbnow,bttvb * D+ h9 ~& m- J葛維寶的文章題為＜中國眼中的法治＞（What China Means by “rule of law”），開宗明義提到《人民日報》強調香港的佔領者「違法」，並呼籲大眾維護「法治」，從而令人想到當權者想用法律來控制與規範社會。話雖如此，大陸對於所謂法治的解讀，比起《人民日報》此前所說的，可謂更為錯綜複雜。葛維寶認為，即使今天四中全會空前地以「依法治國」為重點，但這並不代表中國會有真正的司法獨立，也不代表中國會有政黨輪替，而司法制度改革的最大制肘，正是在中國一黨專政的體制當中。由此可見，在四中全會之後，所謂的「依法治國」，將是強調以法律來維持社會秩序的施政方針。 2 s) S0 k/ Q8 `* }' Mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。! {7 E8 l9 ?: B" _7 r
不過，比起國家主席習近平經常引述的法家思想，「依法治國」實在有更深遠的含義。葛維寶指出，中國現時的法律及社會制度早就比二千多年前的法家社會 ( \* r. `8 d4 L5 t大相逕庭，加上近年中國亦屢歷改革，領導層亦意識到需要變更管治手法，才能適應公眾期望，是以他們所謂的法治，也逐步走向「現代定義」。文章解釋，當下中國對於從前「法治」的釋義，已經對於原初立國時的定義有所不同，甚至更為豐富：使用死刑的次數比從前少約一半，而且也有較好的程序處理相關判刑；新的《刑事訴訟法》（Criminal Procedure Law）亦已被採納，讓被告及疑犯得到更高保障；「再勞教」的制度亦告取消。凡此種種，中國司法的公開性和透明度是有進步的。 " s5 I# |; f! P公仔箱論壇 4 y! G9 s4 C5 {1 b1 e6 u4 j9 B1 O可是講到憲制主義，即憲法高於黨的地位，在中國仍然是一個未能觸及的領域。隨著中國一系列改革，反映政府與人民的關係也因「透明度」提高有所轉變；公仔箱論壇% G6 a) P {+ w
然而，也有很多批評者覺得，中國官員屢次「妖魔化」憲政，繼而架空憲法的行徑，是最終不能有效看待法制改革的幕後黑手。葛維寶補充，目前中國並無有效機制確保憲法得以有效實施，是為一大缺陷，但可幸的是，這種敏感議題，至少在此時此刻，能夠讓有關方面藉此機會作出討論。5.39.217.77:8898+ G# ]4 u4 a$ O
3 Q G: ^5 E U
簡單來說，「依法治國」的意思是確立一個制度，不單是用來約束社會及其騷動，也是用來約束政府自身。最後，葛維寶總結，「依法治國」的方針並非是要 7 |0 c" \# M2 a+ i$ M h; Y1 U5.39.217.77:8898推翻以往所說的「和諧社會」政策，也並非要對於異見分子－－諸如西藏及新疆－－的打壓。在中央領導人的眼中，「和諧社會」是一個造就穩定經濟發展、脫貧的施政策略；而「依法治國」，則是一個讓中央領導人窺看法治何以促進社會穩定的契機，進而履行法制改革。5.39.217.77:88989 a W) W+ d T9 m0 ~
+ A' c, r( h3 {8 h/ i- t; J2 H
葛維寶稱，在中國同樣包含了很多反對改革制度的社會人士，無不令改革派受到阻礙；對此，他認同中國改革的步伐與進程。 * y3 i+ ~' Q/ N , u& N% }' C9 E: h: y/ u @4 \ 9 @% R# L' b8 h9 W, F2 KWhat China Means by ‘Rule of Law’ , P; P0 J v& x7 I0 Y4 H) ZTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。By PAUL GEWIRTZ ( Y8 ~/ V. j) p公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇/ h4 ~$ |! @9 a5 y; G7 J; A
NEW HAVEN — Two weeks ago, with the democracy protests in Hong Kong in full swing, China’s official People’s Daily newspaper labeled them“illegal” and called for protecting “the rule of law” in Hong Kong. Such statements left observers with little doubt about a central meaning “the rule of law” has in the People’s Republic: the Communist Party’s use of law to control and regulate society. ( t- W+ p3 `. k4 C( V& ^1 q, Q/ y, `9 g. z s! i, J# z, i
Yet there’s plenty of evidence that China sees the rule of law in far more nuanced and complex ways. Today the Communist Party’s 18th Central Committee starts its Fourth Plenum, and the main topic will be the rule of law in China — the first time in party history that a meeting with the authority of a plenary session will focus on the rule of law. And there are reasons for a measure of optimism that the plenum will demonstrate more complex views about the roles law can play and also take meaningful steps to advance new legal reforms. : U r( r. C+ Z% P) W; s% } ; b( T) I+ _% ?- N* L/ z公仔箱論壇Of course, legal reform has major limits in China’s one-party authoritarian system. There won’t be true judicial independence. All bets are off whenever the party sees a threat to its continued power; steps toward the rule of law don’t mean steps toward multiparty political democracy, which China’s current leaders totally resist. When the plenum issues its report, it will surely underscore that one central role of law is to maintain social order. 1 X/ c- g, J) h8 r8 gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% ]. x+ E, [$ [3 m
But, contrary to what pessimistic observers have predicted, the plenum is not likely to treat law as merely a tool for the party to control Chinese society, a throwback to the “Legalist School” of philosophy from 2,200 years ago which President Xi Jinping seems fond of quoting. Chinese society and its legal system have already changed too fundamentally for that, and the current regime led by Mr. Xi has already signed onto many reforms and even adjustments in ideology that represent positive steps toward a modern system of rule of law. These changes aren’t just window-dressing; they reflect the leadership’s recognition that it needs to improve governance, address widespread public grievances, and respond to public opinion. : ^+ S& b+ F" [: h8 C: d) o, `, }5.39.217.77:8898* i' r4 }5 U) m! D
Consider some legal reforms that have been made in just the last few years. Use of the death penalty has been cut roughly in half, with improved procedures for deciding on its use. A new Criminal Procedure Law has been adopted, providing significantly more protections to suspects and defendants. The odious system of “re-education through labor” has been abolished (though, to be sure, what will replace it is still not clear). 0 p+ c7 ]# K* R+ @7 ^/ \' ]4 fTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 , O' Q: r4 C: o" i6 Q4 y8 U6 E5.39.217.77:8898A sea change has taken place in government transparency, with important requirements of open government information changing the relationship between the state and citizens. Zhou Qiang, the strong new president of the Supreme People’s Court,recently issued a five-year judicial reform plan promising to enhance court independence from interfering local governments, increase judicial openness and transparency, improve fairness to individual litigants, and further professionalize judging.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* A2 [& y* T; J: N: [
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb% k& p: @4 `- n5 `9 I: `
Some critics point to recent official statements demonizing “constitutionalism” and ask how can China be serious about legal reform if it denigrates or sidelines its own Constitution. In fact, “constitutionalism” has become a code word for a specific idea: importing Western political democracy, which China’s leaders will not accept. But as for the Constitution itself, Mr. Xi recently called it China’s “fundamental law” and said that to “govern the nation by law means to govern in accordance with the Constitution.” China currently has no effective mechanism for enforcing its Constitution — a major deficiency — but at least that crucial topic is now being openly discussed.公仔箱論壇* H: q1 y1 ]" L: ~9 I( _& i$ U
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: e$ L( d# ?' w
China’s leaders see improving the legal system not simply as a way to control society but as away to rein in wayward bureaucrats, insist that local officials carry out national policies, establish rules of the road for a more robust economy,provide peaceful ways for citizens to resolve disputes and seek redress for grievances, reduce the corruption that’s seen as the greatest threat to the Party’s continued hold on power — in short, to constrain government itself, not just to control society and contain social unrest. Mr. Xi may have been playing to the crowds when he recently spoke of “locking power in a cage,” but it was a recognition that the party needs to constrain some of its power in order to keep it. & B* _6 N) @& K7 Z : x3 i" v0 h6 k1 n4 ^4 `/ |. m公仔箱論壇Moreover, China’s maturing legal community, as well as ordinary Chinese citizens, follow these developments carefully, so expectations have been raised. Failure to deliver and actually enforce reforms would create a destabilizing push back on China’s leaders. The most convincing reason for outsiders to be cautiously optimistic about these developments is that many legal figures within China, like the revered legal scholar and reformer Jiang Ping, have written about the plenum with cautious optimism. `& G# G( w3 V" d5.39.217.77:8898This is not to say that China is about to abandon its preoccupation with “social stability,” which too often means silencing or imprisoning peaceful dissenters and activists who blow the whistle on some of the country’s many woes, including environmental degradation, abuses of power and needless policies against Tibetans and Uighurs.. But in the eyes of China’s leaders, social stability is what enabled China to lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty in a mere few decades, generate huge economic growth, and peacefully re-establish China as a major power among nations. The prospects for legal reform will be greatly enhanced if China’s leaders come to see how the rule of law itself contributes to social stability.9 n* R, O8 w8 J: X! S+ g
. [0 ^, k& P h& dAbove all, we should recognize that every reform made or promised in China, even in a regime that contains factions opposed to reform, provides an opening for a large group of scholars, activists, reform-minded officials, as well as ordinary citizens to push to implement the changes and to find new openings for reform. The constraints are real, but so are the dynamics for producing ongoing reforms. 9 H/ O" U: z0 S& ~公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇6 ?$ f& T0 v" ~; v! ^' f6 F- n
5.39.217.77:8898( p# `, e& X( B A6 N Paul Gewirtz is a professor of law, and the director of the China Center, at Yale Law School. 作者: maniac2000 時間: 2014-10-29 09:13 AM
中华人民共和国宪法序言第七段已经明文规定党领导一切，包括所谓的人大，人民民主专政，所以这次的四中全会，只是明确了党权高于一切而已，用反腐打击对手，提高自己个人形象与地位，再以明确法权属于党领导之下，强调一党独裁的合法性，这就是中共也是习近平的施政方针与理念。在四大全会的决议中，明文规定，可以对“不全时适"的法律进行修改，也就说明。党有修改法律的权力。这种根本就不是什么法治。完完全全的党权治国。与当纳粹上台后的所作所为没有一丝一毫区别。党权高于法权，党干部滥用党权，欺压法权，违法轻究，违法不究的年代即将开始。悲哉我中华大地，悲哉我中华百姓！作者: felicity2010 時間: 2014-10-31 07:08 AM
+ b: l/ [/ e, W0 ?' }TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 p3 d3 y& z M! Y* w0 Y( ^+ w! C3 Y' R
刪帖致罪證滅失須負刑責5.39.217.77:8898$ `2 F1 D; C' r) m
8 [0 H) G$ L" ^: A c公仔箱論壇草案條款中增加了對網絡犯罪的規定，並增加了網站的責任，規定網絡服務商若不履行網絡安全管理義務，經提醒拒絕執行措施，致使違法信息大量傳播、用戶信息泄漏，造成嚴重後果的，或致使刑事犯罪證據滅失，嚴重妨害司法機關追究犯罪的，都可追究刑事責任。 + M" `# G5 {$ d" W$ A9 i W2 y3 `' H1 G2 d9 F! ^) }) N
北京大學新聞與傳播學院教授胡泳對本報表示，政府和警方從營運商調取後台資料的做法，以前也有，但對「證據滅失」要追責，還是第一次寫入刑法，這種升級會使網站加強自我審查。而過往這類問題一般僅會行政處罰，現在涉及刑罰，運營商須準備更多資源和成本。草案增加規定了編造、傳播虛假信息的犯罪，「傳播謠言」 亦正式成為刑事罪。 1 z! g. A H2 }+ P& C; A: Ptvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。6 V. J' |. b8 D4 S7 O& C. i) [( _- {
胡泳表示，原來是用司法解釋來作為懲罰造謠的法律依據，現在寫入刑法，日後無論是網民還是網絡運營商，都會更加小心。 # Q( U3 K7 _) c/ y: Y" \+ n 0 v: T& S, w+ N4 [公仔箱論壇2 ~/ B& G( l. E; s, e7 }
[attach]2971394[/attach] 5 W9 ^( h& v3 @- ~7 S9 ]. A- O- Q/ h* ^/ t6 Z- i
專家：網站將加強自我審查; T9 v. Y' c$ C: Y% a( W
; S( B( b( y2 |6 i: {tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb刑法修正案關於「擾亂法庭秩序罪」的修改，也遭法律界詬病。此前，只有聚眾哄鬧、衝擊法庭，毆打司法工作人員構成這一罪名，但草案擴闊了罪名範圍，「侮辱、誹謗、威脅司法工作人員或者訴訟參與人，不聽法庭制止」等行為也構成犯罪。 . P4 l0 p' E Z5 e( T6 W# N公仔箱論壇" C. v0 y. u% R+ D- d/ t& j
維權律師劉曉原向本報指出，雖然草案的受害主體包括了涵蓋律師的「訴訟參與人」，但他相信在實際操作上，只會針對維權律師、被告和旁聽的群眾，而且罪名容易擴大化。他說，在實際情况中，經常會出現法官藐視當事人，侮辱當事人的行為，「法官衝動駡了我們，他們也不會處罰，但我們就麻煩了」。 3 a1 l' B- z @& X! G ? # G7 f' p# \- ]tvb now,tvbnow,bttvbTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。5 G; s& E" x& T+ ]& b% o
維權律師轟泄密雙重標準5.39.217.77:8898( P+ _5 k* V9 n- G) B
% b; V; y" m# Q& G公仔箱論壇草案還規定，辯護人、訴訟代理人或者其他訴訟參與人，泄露依法不公開審理的案件中不應當公開的信息，造成信息公開傳播或者其他嚴重後果的，亦構成犯罪。劉曉原認為這一規定只會有助於當局壟斷庭外話語權。# U. @1 O/ U- f$ M, A
/ S5 c% e9 N4 D1 e
他憶述，在維族學者伊力哈木被控分裂國家案中辯護時，法院不停提醒他，案件涉及分裂國家，不能向外披露證據，但另一方面，中央電視台卻播出對伊力哈木不利的證據，他說：「一方面在做依法治國、公正公開，另一方面設置很多司法透明的障礙。」 8 ]& e4 C$ i3 h, ?; s' i公仔箱論壇0 A. F2 x3 }) t F
[attach]2971395[/attach] & U! T! `8 @$ S1 u5.39.217.77:88985.39.217.77:88980 D$ T5 |, w/ Q& f
第九修正案需待明年人大全會通過/ m8 w) h# j3 \3 m% r [6 h5 j
8 V& O* Z& {- W P$ G O# w5.39.217.77:8898【明報專訊】刑法修正案（九）並不會在本次的全國人大常委會會議上有定案，而要等待明年3月的十二屆全國人大第二次會議才能審議通過。 ) D& K$ I {( r5 c0 v$ ]# ?tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb現時所用的《刑法》於1979年7月1日全國人大會議通過，並在1997年3月的的全國人大會議經過修訂。1999年開始有第一份修正案 # B+ }5 ]$ d/ C5 P ?) Jtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 n, ^! t9 v6 `4 G
2 U, n( F8 L5 Z3 TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。擬廢除9個罪名死刑 ( }/ [: L7 e3 ATVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 3 d# }8 q8 f2 z1 @& N, N公仔箱論壇歷年來，刑法修正案的主要條款，大部分被認為是漸趨符合人道主義、與國際接軌。2011年，《刑法修正案（八）》取消了68項死刑罪名中的13項，絕大部分是經濟犯罪名。今次會議審議的刑法修正案（九）又擬廢除9個罪名的死刑。公仔箱論壇5 l$ r( F; }$ b2 a. |" z) q4 r
2 e2 A9 r0 Q) K同時，隨着中國各種社會問題的突出，刑法的修改也有針對性的增加了相關罪名。例如2011年通過的刑法修正案（八）針對國內嚴重的醉駕現象、拖欠勞工薪金的現象，把醉酒駕駛、惡意欠薪列為觸犯刑法的行為。同時，把涉及食品安全犯罪的最高刑罰提高至死刑。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, C. F; \4 \# P- a) v1 Q" d/ g
tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! V3 G* N$ `8 a0 R
