: F7 d% M9 F Y0 d- utvb now,tvbnow,bttvb過去美國曾期待中國成為「負責任的關係人」(responsible stakeholder),但這個階段已經過去了,中國已經太強大,無法接受美國定下來的規則,現在選擇只有:不是與美國頂著幹,就是中國暫時退卻,等待美國衰弱,或別處有戰爭,華府應接不暇的時機,換句話說,中美之間模糊狀態已經過去,未來是零合局面,你進,就是我退。夾在兩強之間的亞太各國,現在憂心要如何回應?絕大多數的亞太國家,經濟都要靠中國的龐大市場來出口,但是在安全上,卻又離不開美國,之前中國崛起時,美國沒有反應,讓他們不安,現在美國積極回應了,他們又開始兩難。 # Z/ D. r. T- E. p. i 7 t1 N+ C, a8 G5.39.217.77:8898在台灣,大家似乎對這個新形勢無感;南海問題上,我們也是主權主張國之一,對美國提出的海上安全主張,要不要回應?而馬政府宣布希望加入TPP,稱這個方向是與區域呼吸及脈搏一致,卻不提這將是與中國相對抗的經貿組織,國台辦主任王毅的反應是:「你們真的要加入?」面對歐巴馬提出的亞太新戰略,這也是我的問題:「我們到底要不要擁抱美國的提議?」作者: felicity2010 時間: 2011-11-22 09:15 AM
美中能否和平共處? Lionel Barber 9 N' p! T8 L8 o9 t% a 0 S' F: @& }8 F2 n5.39.217.77:8898 % c& ?# m) l1 p7 ]3 B5.39.217.77:8898大眼睛的澳大利亞總理朱莉婭•吉拉德(Julia Gillard)上周接待了到訪的美國總統巴拉克•奧巴馬(Barack Obama),這是數十年來最重要的美國總統訪澳之行。兩位麻煩纏身的自由黨派領導人在一起度過了26小時,其中最引人注目的是雙方達成協議,在五年內讓一支2500人的美國海軍陸戰隊部隊進駐澳大利亞北領地(Northern Territory),美軍還將加大對澳大利亞空軍及海軍基地、陸軍訓練場和轟炸靶場的使用。! |% V7 z% G' s" D
這一協議標志著越戰以來美國首次在太平洋地區擴大長期軍事存在,也標志著美澳這兩個長期盟友顯著加深雙邊關系。澳大利亞當地評論人士自豪地談到該國在快速發展的亞太區新近獲得的重要性。而頭腦更為清醒的人士則揣測,下一步將會怎樣。公仔箱論壇* }/ @- |& W0 S% [+ H2 Z9 |& L7 j* z" S
5.39.217.77:8898: P; S5 Y1 t2 m% ?6 h n8 e: k" P5 d$ f
無論部署在澳大利亞的新的威懾性防御措施得到怎樣的“包裝”,它的矛頭都是直指中國的。奧巴馬在堪培拉向澳大利亞議會發表的演講中已經表明了這一點。隨著中東“戰爭潮”逐漸消退,美國的焦點將堅定轉向亞太,他說:“讓我們排除一切疑問。在21世紀的亞太區,美國將全力投入。” 9 T- s7 {4 r( _+ P& ^6 c公仔箱論壇未來的歷史學家會提出一個問題:2011年11月美國重返太平洋,是否標志著美國與中國這個崛起中的超級大國之間的緊張關系不可逆轉地升級?古往今來,不能容納崛起中的大國——或者說,崛起中的大國不能適應現有的國家體系——從來都是沖突的源頭。 / G- I g7 {2 I# x" W公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! o; |* r8 R3 Z9 k0 }
19世紀末謀求出頭的德國就是一個例子。覬覦資源的日本在上世紀30年代尋求建立“大東亞共榮圈”則是另一個例子。美國本身在20世紀初葉崛起為世界大國的經歷也同樣相關(雖然這一點在上周被有意忽視了),當時美國的崛起使其與昔日的殖民大國西班牙在古巴和菲律賓打了一場“輝煌的小戰爭”。 0 ~) B$ C) ?2 E3 [TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。一個世紀后,與其說中國是房間裡的大象,不如說它是整個亞太區的大象。近年中國卷入了一系列與鄰國的領土紛爭。除了與印度和台灣的長期對峙外,北京方面還與日本、菲律賓和越南在能源資源豐富的東海和南海發生矛盾。隨著中國的實力日漸加大,在民族主義幽靈基本上仍處於蟄伏狀態的亞太區爆發沖突的風險顯而易見。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% {1 Z6 e! m `% d' |
" A4 S6 E% x9 O, g公仔箱論壇奧巴馬提出的“太平洋地區美國治下的和平”思路,意在讓亞太各國(包括越南這樣的昔日敵手)放心。已有60年歷史的美澳共同防御條約的深化,也將迫使潛在敵對方在挑戰現狀之前三思而行。然而關鍵的一點是,它並沒有採用關島和沖繩美軍基地的模式,將美國的主權延伸至澳大利亞領土。5.39.217.77:88989 v; s' h! Z4 P* @, T% T4 K
美中外交政策中的另一條主線是經濟的。在上周末在巴厘島舉行的東亞峰會(East Asia Summit)上,奧巴馬尋求鞏固貿易關系,首先是與“跨太平洋戰略經濟伙伴關系協定”(TPP)國家的貿易關系。TPP是一個專把中國排除在外的亞太國家團體。當然,TPP有可能擴大,各方或許會鼓勵中國加入。但目前看來情況不是這樣。“這是一個對抗中國的團體,”受尊敬的《悉尼晨鋒報》(Sydney Morning Herald)國際編輯彼得•哈契(Peter Hartcher)寫道。 ( z% [( b# n: v$ d6 |1 T公仔箱論壇tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb [' j; V$ z& g. O5 T5 ~# w
在TPP問題上大做文章的同時,美方再三批評中國人為壓低匯率。在即將到來的大選年,這種緊張局面隻會升溫。不過,在市場仍在歐洲主權債券危機下驚魂未定的時候,奧巴馬政府決定讓美中經貿緊張程度升級,可能並不明智。記性較好的人應該還記得,裡根(Reagan)政府在貨幣政策問題上與德國爭執不下,是怎樣觸發1987年10月“黑色星期一”股市大崩盤的。 6 J" ^1 T3 O% k4 h; L0 _5.39.217.77:8898; i } N4 ` Y. k7 Y. D
迄今為止,中國對奧巴馬的雙重高壓姿態保持低調。鑒於領導層將在2012年換屆,北京方面有自己的國內優先事務。但共產黨領導層也在努力掌控中國經濟的劇烈轉型——從投資導向型的低成本制造“冠軍”,轉變為更加注重消費者的經濟。這種轉型產生的影響將遠遠延伸到中國的國境以外。在競爭力下降的驅使下,中國制造商正在全世界尋找市場、收購公司、升級技術和建立品牌。$ D1 d! e) }! d% j+ }/ W; D
$ z* l" g4 W( J" i! R) B! ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。“中國公司”的“走出去”已經深刻改變了貿易模式。中國的主要目的地已經日漸清晰:澳大利亞、巴西、印尼、越南、墨西哥、南非,甚至美國。中國的國際化有別於(打個比方)日本當年的國際化的地方在於變化的速度和規模。以巴西為例,對華貿易10年前僅佔2%,現在已佔據16%,超過了美國。 + G! k7 Y) I) p* r3 e! H0 q+ W2 e( I( V# O, D$ Y& r" m
這些轉變似乎表明經濟實力正在堅定地東移。到2030年,中國的國內生產總值(GDP)將比美國高出四分之一,中國佔世界貿易的份額可能達到美國的2倍。但以購買力平價計算,中國的人均GDP仍僅為美國的大約五分之一。中國將成為經濟超級大國,但同時仍是發展中國家——可以說是一個不成熟的超級大國。 8 C' q6 l$ ?5 W# S+ a' @3 f# K這就把我們帶到下一個話題:相互誤判的風險。隻要美澳軍事協議不構成某種僵硬遏制戰略的第一塊基石,中國就不必感到威脅。正如澳大利亞前總理保羅•基廷(Paul Keating)所說,需要協調運用各種實力,靈活地容納中國。要使這一構想在“太平洋世紀”奏效,人們不應求助於中國的理論家,或是美國的理想主義者,而應學習終極現實主義者:19世紀奧地利外交家克萊門斯•馮•梅特涅(Klemens von Metternich)。 1 \7 m p; B# a, c- y+ G! ^) k5.39.217.77:88989 K: a. B* P: j# b( O
9 u5 h* k z" F* A. l《Lionel Barber 英國《金融時報》總編輯》作者: felicity2010 時間: 2011-11-22 09:41 AM
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2011-11-22 09:46 AM 編輯 公仔箱論壇/ p' E H* i3 g4 Q$ P
5.39.217.77:88981 s7 |! Q) f8 L O In search of a new Metternich for the Pacific century Lionel Barber # F! E: Y% k: c- \) ETVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 & G1 ?. y0 G- [" l3 H: ~ 4 G5 ^' |" F3 x9 c# kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。A doe-eyed prime minister Julia Gillard of Australia this week hosted Barack Obama in the most consequential presidential visit in decades. The two beleaguered liberal leaders staged a 26-hour love-in, the highlight being an agreement to station 2,500 US marines within five years in the Northern Territory, along with increased use of air and naval bases, army training areas and bombing ranges. / y5 ^* g4 R8 Q3 ^tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb 8 n& r- o f' pTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The deal marks the first long-term expansion of America’s military presence in the Pacific since the Vietnam war, and a significant deepening of bilateral ties between the US and Australia, two long-time allies.Local commentators spoke proudly of Australia’s new-found importance in the fast-growing Asia-Pacific region. Cooler heads will wonder what comes next. / T8 L* }% } f4 U; R3 j% D' WHowever the new tripwire defence in Australia is dressed up, it is aimed squarely at China. Mr Obama made that clear during a speech to the parliament in Canberra. With the “tide of war” in the Middle East now receding, America’s focus would shift firmly to the Asia Pacific, he said: “Let there be no doubt. In the Asia-Pacific in the 21st century, the United States of America is all-in.” 7 s J/ n! Z: f' u( I/ x9 A) {6 z " C9 C9 `8 e! T9 k: ?+ J' Y! UTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Historians will look back and ask whether America’s re-engagement in the Pacific in November 2011 marked the moment when tensions with China, the superpower-in-waiting,escalated irreversibly. Throughout the ages, the failure to accommodate rising powers – or rather the failing of rising powers to accommodate the existing state system – has been a source of conflict.5.39.217.77:88982 I/ E5 {, _9 ]% w0 Z
2 e" L* W/ s. BGermany’s search for a place in the sun at the end of the 19th century is one example. Resource-hungry Japan’s quest for a new co-prosperity sphere in the 1930s is another. No less relevant (but studiously ignored Down Under this week) is America’s own emergence as a world power at the turn of the 20th century, which led to ”the splendid little war” with the former colonial power of Spain, both in Cuba and the Philippines. 2 a7 I4 |, ~# @% @# s5 C 0 \! U# m) L: |4 F公仔箱論壇A century later, China is not so much the elephant in the room, but the elephant in the region. Lately it has become embroiled in numerous territorial disputes with its neighbours. In addition to the historic stand-offs with India and Taiwan, Beijing has bumped up against Japan, the Philippines and Vietnam in the South China Sea, an area of lucrative mineral deposits. As China’s power grows, the risks of conflict in a region where nationalist demons have largely remained dormant are manifest.+ |! \# e" O, f$ F7 O9 I
公仔箱論壇* r5 o" \# g, ]. Z0 c& |8 ~& W
Mr Obama’s “Pax Americana in the Pacific” is intended to reassure the neighbourhood, including former foes such as Vietnam. The deepening of the 60-year-old mutual defence treaty with Australia also forces a potential enemy to think twice before challenging the status quo. Crucially, however, it does not extend US sovereignty to Australian territory in the manner of the Guam and Okinawa military bases.5.39.217.77:8898& z0 I# P# z' H4 b5 F
4 k# f( h( `6 I/ S7 h
The other strand in US/China foreign policy is economic. This weekend’s east Asia summit in Bali will see Mr Obama seeking to solidify trade ties, starting with the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a group of Asian-Pacific countries, which specifically excludes China. Now, it is possible that the grouping could grow and China might be encouraged to join. But that is not the way it looks now. “It’s a posse to get China”, writes Peter Hartcher,respected international editor of the Sydney Morning Herald. " c1 p& }; v+ o2 @% z; R公仔箱論壇 # n! a1 W2 ~$ Z. v& ^ RTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The TPP overture comes on top of persistent US criticism of China’s artificially low exchange rate. In the upcoming election year, the temperature can only rise. Yet the White House decision to escalate economic and trade tensions with China when markets remain spooked by the European sovereign debt crisis may not be so smart. Those with longer memories recall how the Reagan administration’s spat with Germany over monetary policy triggered the Black Monday stock market crash in October 1987.公仔箱論壇1 F! A6 ^# o2 I
# q- R! x( {( q, y+ ^# a3 W5.39.217.77:8898So far, China’s response to Mr Obama’s double power-play has been muted. With a leadership transition due in 2012, Beijing has its own domestic preoccupations. But the Communist party hierarchy is also struggling to manage the economy’s convulsive shift from an investment-led, low-cost manufacturing champion to a more consumer-friendly economy. That shift will be felt well beyond China’s borders. Propelled by waning competitiveness, China’s manufacturers are scouring the world searching for markets, acquiring companies, upgrading technology and building brands. 3 G9 E$ s% d, ^ # [/ d" R, T! Y$ k: R8 L* h6 TTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。China Inc’s outward reach is already altering trade patterns profoundly. The key destinations are already coming into focus: Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Vietnam, Mexico, South Africa and even the US. What distinguishes China’s internationalisation from, say, that of Japan is the speed and scale of the change. In the case of Brazil, Chinese trade was just 2per cent a decade ago but now accounts for 16 per cent, overtaking the US. 6 X) Q3 i9 N, ?6 G公仔箱論壇 9 w! }' ~- p9 D+ lThese shifts seemingly spell a decisive shift east in economic power. By 2030, China’s gross domestic product is set to be one quarter higher than America’s. It may have twice America’s share of world trade. Yet China’s GDP per head, at purchasing power parity, is still about a fifth that of the US. It is to become an economic superpower, while still a developing country – a premature superpower,as it were.5.39.217.77:88980 i! v3 [8 P2 S
/ ]1 ]* K* M! Htvb now,tvbnow,bttvbHere we come to the risks of mutual miscalculation. As long as the US-Australia military agreement is not the first building block in a rigid containment strategy, China need not feel threatened.As former Australian prime minister Paul Keating says, what is needed is a flexible accommodation of China, through a concert of powers. For that to work in the “Pacific century” one should turn not to a Chinese theoretician nor to an American idealist, but to the ultimate realist:Prince Klemens von Metternich.5 d9 B d& U* c0 w6 p
5.39.217.77:8898 H% ?! M+ m( o
3 m5 q1 u& B% A, N3 w4 l+ Q5.39.217.77:8898Lionel Barber is the editor of the Financial Times and the article is based on this year’s Lowy lecture in Sydney