本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 M# Y( s5 ?9 G) @# x9 M" h
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People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
( G- i/ @" D. [公仔箱論壇of our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and % ^ I, B' r) P- a( b2 j6 T
deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.
% ^" t& R7 E7 x4 `" }公仔箱論壇We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by
( ?3 r2 q* G) n5.39.217.77:8898astronauts and satellites on the following pages.公仔箱論壇6 `. O; G1 z( T0 A
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
: |3 g/ K/ p$ k+ n$ utvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined. 5.39.217.77:88982 d" J; F6 z4 m& `
An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb; k' B Z+ u9 h% z$ {7 e* L) `6 x# P
Today, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled
4 F5 |/ \3 v: ?+ owith metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The v% B* a3 K# c( D; A) k+ j
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
/ S( z3 d5 g9 }% q# `/ itvb now,tvbnow,bttvbCurrently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to
; I/ V% F4 ]! ~' S {contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。" R2 I, G1 T: l, @, _3 d1 p8 b
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.公仔箱論壇* Z& ^8 \. C1 T! {; E7 Y& p$ g( G) g
This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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4 v' u2 y; _( b0 L2 N公仔箱論壇Escondida Mine, Chile
8 z) \5 W% \5 }6 L7 z& W7 hThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
( H, d- F" ]; r( ?& m0 G) mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbmore copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and 公仔箱論壇& h ^* X6 {) A# H3 {% S" Y! p3 N
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.公仔箱論壇" Q+ U( D4 s7 D. f& K% h
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- l' a: v" G: P$ X; ^
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 C5 _$ F$ B) O& ^
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. v5 ?( |- N u- f/ q9 u9 Rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbBingham Canyon Mine, Utah- r1 x( t. ^- l9 G/ A( |9 ?
Located 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced - d/ c' I9 A* A4 U" N
more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
7 h3 q* Q! ]3 v3 Ymiles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb& b- |6 s: s7 E- s+ b) R: w% r
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces 公仔箱論壇* z q! X# w. i+ |! |
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 : G1 G, `4 j/ n c
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark.5.39.217.77:8898. s- O* ?# C. Y/ ]1 c/ {6 \
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
& C+ |. ?- E; ?. @; H jcamera and an 800mm lens.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 p3 `& l M; p; J4 m! f6 L7 S
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% b$ \& I6 G5 ` @Yuba River Goldfields, California.
- F [' y2 q' jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
' w3 i h! g. rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
* p& }% X; j' v+ E: x. p t3 LTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。landscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.1 u9 r. P6 A% e0 N) k, Q P
Shortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic ! b8 }1 {% t6 E, J3 g3 F3 N
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
3 J* M: {) b9 ~1 O( a公仔箱論壇which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 5.39.217.77:88982 d& @3 v; h% G9 ?2 |
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.公仔箱論壇! ~6 N! H* B8 D; z! R
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 7 @9 J/ S& O; a7 I I' s
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
! y- z# ~2 n0 f# K& p) V: Stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbgravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
3 {/ n) j) {; C$ e$ { q0 K4 ]' MThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001.
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru5.39.217.77:88982 W& {: k/ \6 K/ Y$ x! X1 s
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. # m$ e. o. n! O, T3 L
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was
1 D' x* J! b! I$ ~7 l; ]公仔箱論壇constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center, 公仔箱論壇/ }$ P) D% x4 h' P# I# g
heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space
, Q- z( W8 G6 x) w, ^+ wStation on Sept. 22, 2003. j& [' V+ U$ `
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。8 k. u! O* D. S H. N' b
Freeport Mine, Indonesia
/ ^( j( ^' `: }3 P) Xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman 5 }7 ?- n2 n; L& }
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of 5.39.217.77:8898$ |/ b/ E0 V0 O
the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
3 m* Y8 U) \1 {3 L$ w6 Q公仔箱論壇extensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 t: T8 o7 C# [5 x
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.
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, e1 B/ c1 ]9 _# m' e公仔箱論壇Cananea Mine, Mexico5.39.217.77:8898( k5 @/ w: u6 S0 W
The Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
( F; a$ I* ?( b( j) {( VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains 2 ]# a R/ U( D' s0 r7 o8 w8 U
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb0 ], C) c% [1 Y+ Z$ m4 w
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
! e- E5 N1 z$ z) l( P公仔箱論壇the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.
! f6 I& y/ T' k" |# STVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the , n7 ~$ ^5 d$ T- @7 F4 S
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.公仔箱論壇+ A* O) w' m t; H0 |2 d) c% d
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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Phosphate Mines, Jordan
4 M( Z$ c0 x6 qPhosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
' }6 ^' L/ a3 n) m+ mtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbpercent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
+ a ^1 ? }5 T, u4 jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。fear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb9 \3 G' V# v* H" {
point at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
1 v& @2 \" m! d6 c7 `+ a5 L& h4 HThis image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 p" b: E9 r4 J) J6 G& }
satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
1 ^, L" n) Q5 B# k F7 r" z- zblue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb- T5 B; {# w* }4 D4 [
lower part of the image that appears striped.
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: M; h; E- _/ X! W ~8 _公仔箱論壇New Cornelia Mine, Arizona
: ~ }7 i, Q$ |: g4 Q$ o6 SCopper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured
. G# m# R# j( }5 P$ J$ S- P3 Q2 C& _TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped 公仔箱論壇1 x! e+ @' d4 }6 a: c
land just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' I" Z* Q& f! H
the metal was extracted.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。2 D: S, X! Y Y$ e' G
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germany5.39.217.77:8898; r3 B* V4 F4 k: h! N
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany. 公仔箱論壇/ d7 r6 E2 V, y* c/ R+ O
One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator 5.39.217.77:8898% k# R e/ g/ P) n* V6 i
is twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
% d5 A3 F; j0 m# Stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThis image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
& Q& B' i+ X4 U& ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。Aug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are
, B' K" T/ z1 lbare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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發表於 2009-12-22 09:24 AM
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