“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: ; ?' E. r" T: f" ~0 c. U/ }
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence. # O+ m$ ^2 T2 S+ [, v2 \7 J
關於代理君主的大臣之職權,文中寫道:tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb. o7 d6 z5 ^: ~1 ]: w5 X
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification.2 u4 y+ S# f6 s% |+ s3 v% m
換言之,假如全權大臣越權商議,君主是有權拒絕公約。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb2 H) J8 [/ C! I/ p `$ {* L
那麼,君主能夠如何拒絕呢?即使全權代表已經同意條約,只要君主能夠証明全權代表偏離了其意旨,君主是有權拒絕條約的: 7 u$ L* B. d' {# H6 ktvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction.9 O* x% q- S0 Z1 |- `
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification., t- f7 B+ h$ }4 G9 a6 n+ {5 q; h
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory. 9 n7 T+ u" X5 o) [2 QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.(大寫為筆者所加)) f$ V, [. q" v2 h
簡而言之,當時國際法似乎已清晰厘定,包含了領土割讓的條約,需要符合兩個前提才能生效:& X9 d# n( @0 K: z, m) d0 h
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2016-1-27 02:15 AM 編輯 3 _. n) H5 J# {& H+ r. M2 v8 Y. k" J5.39.217.77:88985.39.217.77:8898. H0 v; k+ A' U& {! K! q- B. y0 B
香港是如何開埠的?(二)— 時序篇:琦善有否同意割讓香港? / ]- s. I2 A2 V# t3 @0 m( xTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 - e; f, j: g4 T. V& q$ N % g1 B' Y! J" u% J ' r2 n/ I' H; \% w1 a! n( {! t公仔箱論壇 ^9 u! [! W) y5 A$ F8 B
1841 年 1 月 28 日,駐遠東艦隊支隊司令伯麥 (J. J. Gordon Bremer) 發出照會「議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已有文據在案」 & b {, `9 F# YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 }1 \8 q8 z$ `' w
上篇《從 19 世紀國際法和平條約談起》,談到 19 世紀國際法和平條約的基本概況和清朝欽差大臣的相關職權範圍。今篇將會從廣東談判中關於香港割讓的時序,分析琦善有否同意割讓香港。 2 E2 n: L! Y0 x0 N4 u- K& E* utvb now,tvbnow,bttvb1841 年 1 月 26 日,英軍在升旗禮後,香港踏入開埠之路。為了使強佔的行為合理化和往後的長期貿易鋪路,必須一份聲稱雙方同意的正式法律文件 . p' r9 j9 a- `2 m" Z9 r% s; [$ M1841 年 1 月 20 日,義律於澳門發布一份《給英國女皇陛下臣民的通知》,這份公佈香港割讓給英國的正式文件,後來稱為「穿鼻草約」或「穿鼻協定」 (Convention of Chunpee) [1] :5 D. O4 _! x7 ~
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions:公仔箱論壇9 t! w; D7 m3 C( c: |4 J5 P- W
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指,義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而,這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢?在義律發佈公吿後的第六天,即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天,伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵,內容如下 [2] :TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- b5 i2 L2 t" L! \, c
照得本國公使大臣義,與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦,說定諸事,議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已在文據在案。是該島現系歸屬大英國王治下地方,應請貴官,速將該島全處所有貴國官兵撤回 ( x2 ~- V( R9 B
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ e4 k6 A: N1 [$ a$ ]
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure……5.39.217.77:8898) z9 T W# z& Y3 n' S
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民,英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此,民眾亦毋需惶恐,因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留,而且基於引入一種華洋分治,一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ,即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣,英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。 % _7 Q( n7 ^+ v, ]6 L# lTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授,在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出,這兩份公告的基礎,是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之, 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ,和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ,都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」,便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。- N5 Q* V0 S$ H( i7 ~0 ?- V5 P+ ^4 H
5.39.217.77:88989 k5 n2 _6 e8 H+ t; h$ B$ V' c
可是,這兩份極重要的公告中,存在三個問題:tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb* _4 _/ m; G1 k; k
假如公告的基礎是以通知為依據,那麼通知又什麼作依據?琦善有否就割讓香港與義律達成協議並蓋印作實?
巴麥尊否定條約;以及
義律在港權力和公告法律效力
劉存寬教授、前香港歷史博物館館長丁新豹博士、香港嶺南大學香港與華南歷史研究部名譽研究員蕭國健教授等多名學者均認為,琦善從來沒有在任何關於割讓香港的文據上蓋關防作實 [5] 。 4 L8 W* s6 P. ^0 R# E3 a- V$ {( Z9 q5.39.217.77:8898那麼,義律聲稱琦善蓋了關防的文據,究竟是怎麼一回事?筆者嘗試從時序、策略、琦善和義律心態三方面全方位分析「達成了初步安排」和「已有文據在案」可能性。5.39.217.77:8898$ G6 Y E3 w+ j4 G1 a
" p( e; ~) m G4 I
時序篇究竟「達成了初步安排」和的「文據」是如何發生的?筆者嘗試將琦善和義律在廣東談判中,由 1 月 7 日至 2 月 26 日這段關鍵的香港割讓歷史過程,重現眼前。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: {0 S, C0 L5 l2 v
1841 年 1 月 7 日,英軍攻陷沙角和大角,清軍大敗。一星期後,義律於1月14日給琦善照會,要求琦善將香港給予英國「主治」以作「寄居」,而條件是歸還沙角和大角兩地 [6] : 0 \" K0 c0 O C s g. j* [
俟貴大臣爵閣部堂允照本公使大臣十九日公文開載,將尖沙咀、香港各等處讓給英國主治,為寄居之所等由辦理,則本公使大臣等即於接到來文之時,就日將以沙角、大角二處送還。公仔箱論壇: e6 B/ l, `2 C! H0 D
今將昨經貴大臣爵閣部堂與本公使大臣議擬陳列善定事宜條款,逐一繕寫漢英同文一張送閲。惟照英國之例,須應兩國欽差大使,均在一所,同時當面蓋印,是故特請貴大臣爵閣部堂,指出面會處所,定於早日再晤,幸得蓋印完結。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb8 V. b' \7 e9 C+ M4 Z2 \ S0 U
…姑為急則治標之計,則暫示羈糜于目前,即當備剿于將來也 [20] 。5.39.217.77:88987 J: D" C1 J+ M4 `/ H
截至 2 月 16 日,琦善仍沒有蓋印,明顯地,莫說 1 月 20 日義律在澳門發出通知中「達成了初步安排」,或是 2 月 1 和 2 日兩份公告中聲稱 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" 和 "under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" 均不可能提前發生,假如義律說早已於 1 月 20 日已與琦善簽訂了《穿鼻草約》,那根本毋需此後多次發出最後通牒脅迫琦善蓋印(最後的通牒死缐是 3 月 1 日。然而,義律早已急不及待,於 2 月 23 日已揮軍再攻虎門)。並且,既已簽約,琦善亦毋需分別在 1 月 31 日擬出《酌定章程》和 2 月 11-12 日重新提出《酌擬章程底稿》四條與義律再次洽談,而律義亦毋需於 2 月 13 日向琦善提出《善定事宜》作最後商議(關於上述兩章程的細節將於下篇《心態上》詳述)。 . y, H; P: f% t& u3 t& S公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇# I1 [% ]- q r7 B6 p. ]* P
事實上,所謂「安排」,只是義律要做成既定事實,來逼使清政府作出承諾的計策。那麼義律所指的「已有文據在案」,實際上是啥什麼? % x# `: l+ v. `TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。義律所指的「文據」,其實是雙方就自沙角退兵、繳還定海、代奏寄居香港及釋放拘留人士等協議的磋商和照會文件 [22] 。然而這些協議都沒有簽字作實,亦沒有蓋上關防。在 2 月 1 日義律發布公告的同日,義律給琦善的照會中便說道 [23] :5.39.217.77:8898( _2 T/ I! q" V' n, l1 {
倘貴大臣爵閣部堂,能將業將分別酌議說定諸事,曾有文據之各條款,列作盟約,俾兩國制體,均無所傷之處。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。, {2 e& M' y+ N F
由於義律所指的「文據」只是往來照會,因此才需要「列作盟約」;而「列作盟約」的方法,便是蓋上關防,以「俾兩國制體」。因此,既然 2 月 1 日義律仍然在要求琦善「列作盟約」,那麼 1 月 20 日或之前,義律在通知裡所說的「文據」,根本就不曾存在。5.39.217.77:8898& U: c) j+ H( b7 r8 H
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。: L* w% s8 c. b. P7 m
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. : ]4 U3 t9 x0 H' k公仔箱論壇
另外,再於 5 月 14 日致函義律的第九號文件中,巴麥尊詳細重申一遍他否定協議和公告的原因 [2] :5.39.217.77:88989 [ p' ` Y# ]8 | W, n
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.(大寫為筆者所加) G- j5 i9 h, Z' t' sTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.(大寫為筆者所加)1 n% G: X& u! G5 {
F.O., London, April 21, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.642.5.39.217.77:8898! o' m) E* h4 ~# n' p% A* W0 b
另有中文譯文: 1 A. C' E4 N: X4 W- D* t+ {「你已經爭得香港的割讓,一處連一所房子都難找到的荒島;甚至這一種所謂的割讓,據我看,由於受種種條件的牽制,也不是一種非經皇帝簽署才能辦到的島嶼主權的割讓,而只是我們在那裏建一居留區的一種許可,其地位是同葡萄牙人在澳門所有的那一種制度一樣。」 ' P# K- s: {- w7 g- H5.39.217.77:8898《中華帝國對外關係史》,第一卷,馬士著,第 728 頁。
F.O., London, May 14, 1841, Lord Palmerston to captain Elliot, R.N, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p.647. $ C% G6 L9 G$ Z! _4 Z! m* ^另有中文譯文: |1 W$ A% q: z0 k. G「除非是通過一項由進行割讓的君主所批准的正式條約,沒有一部份屬於一位君主的領土,能割讓予和轉讓給另一位君主,並且沒有一個臣民有權把他君主的領土任何部分割讓與人。因此,琦善所作的把香港割讓予英國君主的協議,縱使該恊議已經寫成一個條約的正式形式,但在中國皇帝予以批准之前,也不會有任何價值或效力的。在你和琦善之間,對於割讓香港一節,并不象是簽訂了任何正式條約,而已無論如何,我們可斷言在你發布通告的當時,這種條約即使經過琦善簽字,也絕不是已經由皇帝批准的,因此你的通告全然是為時太早。」TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) \+ }) s& f$ U2 F- {: z
《中華帝國對外關係史》,第一卷,馬士著,第 735 頁。
STATEMENT, B. DEMANDS 4, 《International relation of the Chinese empire》, H.B. Morse, p. 646.
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.: B' M; X4 ^" ?/ ~9 A. P
小結TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。0 ?& t! ]& C+ D0 S
綜合以上分析而言,琦善以義律含糊的口吻奏明道光帝,而義律又故意在攫取香港的手段上偷換概念,雙方都是以自己的方式,以達到各自目的。從廣東談判的時序、策略、琦善和義律對香港主權的心態分析後可以看到,除了香港割讓的議題上,琦善的確答應了條款的某些部分;但是關於香港割讓這一部分,盡管義律脅迫琦善割讓香港的照會中可能出現言語上的誤會 [27] ,但身為欽差的琦善,只是作為道光帝牽線木偶而已。而關於「寄居」一事,儘管琦善在道光帝允許後的確有跟義律進行磋商,但始終雙方亦沒有達成協議。 ; ^8 \ L+ h# n下篇《香港是如何開埠?(三)》,將會離開廣東談判,探討一下巴麥尊否定《穿鼻草約》,但沒有否定義律公告的議題。 0 P1 h9 I+ [# v( _6 s U, A- o- u0 P
註: ! ?& L: S+ ]9 g/ x4 n公仔箱論壇
《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 177-179 頁。
關於翻譯問題,蔣廷黻先生表示,道光帝在 8 月 19 日收到由馬儒翰 (John Robert Morrison, 1814 年 4 月 17 日 - 1843 年 8 月 29 日 ) 翻譯的《巴麥尊子爵致大清皇帝欽命宰相書》,出現很多嚴重誤譯,以至全文語調由上門要挾轉變為負屈(對林則徐的指控)「乞恩」,使「剿」轉而主「撫」。例如,譯「求討皇帝昭雪伸冤」(原文為 "demand from the Emperor satisfaction and redress" )。此外,譯文亦多處將原意「匡正」譯為「伸冤」,「抗議 (protest) 」譯為「告明」,「賠償」譯為「昭雪」,「要求」譯為「催討」等等。《天朝的崩潰》,茅海建著,第 173 頁, 238-239 頁。