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那麼,在 1841 年 1 月 26 日起至《南京條約》簽訂前,香港是否屬於約開商埠?嚴格來說,由於香港在 1 月 25 日已被英軍佔領,並在翌日完成升旗禮之後,隨即象徵正式接管香港,香港成為英國海外領土。因此香港初期的開埠,並非基於不平等條約。 3 x8 w# T" w$ W9 N1 c5 f 7 l" c3 C8 x! H3 p8 Y; L2 n. aTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。琦善和義律沒有就《穿鼻草約》達成協議,而雙方君主亦沒有批准草約,因此草約本身只是一紙空文,並不具法律效力 [2] 。即使有,香港割讓和開埠都並非以草約的法理為依據,而是建立在後來 1 月 26 日英軍的實際佔領之上。故此,在史學上一般認為,香港開埠為英軍舉行升旗禮的1月26日開始,而非義律宣佈《穿鼻草約》的 1 月 20 日。事實上,草約的宣佈,只是義律在追加法律確認之前,將佔領變為既定事實的手法。而這種經驗主義的行事方式,是英國殖民主義慣用解決問題的方法 [3] 。tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb3 r" X, C, E8 f) g
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。( K7 j& K J4 R# g W
《Convention of Chuenpee》原文 [4] : ; j8 _: w6 b! ^5.39.217.77:8898
“Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: 2 M3 w: Q6 G9 s9 N1 L) x# rtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement."
As to other public treaties: in order to enable a public minister or other diplomatic agent to conclude and sign a treaty with the government to which he is accredited, he must be furnished with a full power, independent of his general letter of credence. Grotius, and after him Puffendorf, consider treaties and conventions, thus negotiated and signed, as binding upon the sovereign in whose name they are concluded, in the same manner as any other contract made by a duly authorised agent binds his principal according to the general rules of civil jurisprudence.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。/ p, Z% Y, ?4 j$ B
the sovereign is bound by the acts of his ambassadors, within the limits of his patent full-power, although the latter may have transcended or violated his secret instruction. But if the minister exceed his authority, or undertake to treat points not contained in his full-power and instructions, the sovereign is fully justified in delaying, or even refusing his ratification. & X r% m( W [4 ]& u公仔箱論壇
before a sovereign can honourably refuse to ratify that which has been concluded in virtue of a full power, he must have strong and solid reasons, and, in particular, he must show that his minister has deviated from his instruction. $ V6 S2 G, I. Z6 L
另外,《國際法原理》第四節又指出,假如全權代表擅自立約,在沒有得到君主准許或授權的情況下作出超越其權力的約定或承諾,最終仍必須得到(君主)的准許:公仔箱論壇& Y7 O6 o: z& `: g
Such acts or engagements, which made without authority, or exceeding the limits of the authority under which they purport to be made, are called Sponions. These convention must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。7 @, ]- s1 ^) G$ M7 K
the assent of the chambers, clothed with the forms of a legislative act, is considered essential to the ultimate validity of a treaty ceding any portion of the national territory.公仔箱論壇6 W1 n. l5 H1 ?5 A9 H$ E/ g
By the general principles of private jurisprudence, recognized by most, if not all, CIVILIZED COUNTRIES, a contract obtained by violence is void. Freedom of consent to the validity of every agreement, and contracts obtained under duress are void, because the general welfare of society requires that they should be so.(大寫為筆者所加)公仔箱論壇/ X2 W' |* W, ]$ E4 R$ q4 K
簡而言之,當時國際法似乎已清晰厘定,包含了領土割讓的條約,需要符合兩個前提才能生效: ( X) W$ u. g, @8 a5.39.217.77:8898
本帖最後由 felicity2010 於 2016-1-27 02:15 AM 編輯 # `# [) T. e2 S
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香港是如何開埠的?(二)— 時序篇:琦善有否同意割讓香港? / x& w- |: Z2 b! h( R0 I rTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 . B: e* W9 s+ M$ L7 C+ G5 T) p# E. y % ^8 ?& S. ?0 j$ dtvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 Q: x, C \( {& @. v6 M / A8 K, @- x# k6 A4 Y/ i$ P) R
1841 年 1 月 28 日,駐遠東艦隊支隊司令伯麥 (J. J. Gordon Bremer) 發出照會「議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已有文據在案」tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb: `4 `. \4 h8 P; j4 c- t" D
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上篇《從 19 世紀國際法和平條約談起》,談到 19 世紀國際法和平條約的基本概況和清朝欽差大臣的相關職權範圍。今篇將會從廣東談判中關於香港割讓的時序,分析琦善有否同意割讓香港。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。) D4 H+ P4 o' r# m) N; [3 T
1841 年 1 月 26 日,英軍在升旗禮後,香港踏入開埠之路。為了使強佔的行為合理化和往後的長期貿易鋪路,必須一份聲稱雙方同意的正式法律文件/ e/ P q3 ^. R- T) }
1841 年 1 月 20 日,義律於澳門發布一份《給英國女皇陛下臣民的通知》,這份公佈香港割讓給英國的正式文件,後來稱為「穿鼻草約」或「穿鼻協定」 (Convention of Chunpee) [1] : # l3 L* w- @3 ~* j& R5.39.217.77:8898
Her Majesty’s plenipotentiary has now to announce the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself involving the following conditions: ! B" V" B7 T! L5 c5.39.217.77:8898
The cession of the island and harbour of Hongkong to the British crown. All just charges and duties tot the empire upon the commerce carried on there to be paid as if the trade were conducted at Whampoa.
An indemnity to the British government of six millions of dollars, on million payable at once, remainder in equal annual instalments ending in 1846.
Direct official intercourse between the countries upon equal footing.
The trade of the port of Canton to be opened within ten further arrangements are practicable at the new settlement.
根據草約所指,義律與琦善已達成「達成初步安排」 "the conclusion of preliminary arrangements between the imperial commissioner and himself" 。然而,這個「達成初步安排」的文據究竟是什麼呢?在義律發佈公吿後的第六天,即1841年1月26日英軍佔領香港這天,伯麥照會大鵬協副將賴恩爵,內容如下 [2] :公仔箱論壇) M1 J7 O, P! s% C, q
至此,什麼是義律所指「達成初步安排」的文據,還是不太清晰。: F5 E: {+ o7 a
其後,在 1841 年 2 月 1 和 2 月 2 日,伯麥和義律分別發出關於香港已割讓予英國的公告,統稱為義律公告 (Elliot’s Proclamations) [3] 。5.39.217.77:88980 l K/ l! D. m- ?0 i) v
2 月 1 日,伯麥和義律發表的公告: & M3 _" f3 A l6 R9 k( R
Bremer, Commander-in-chief, and Elliot, Plenipotentiary, etc., by this proclamation make know to the inhabitant of the island of Hongkong, that that island has now become part of the dominions of the Queen of England by clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts…..tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb' \) T' r# W% \$ f9 X0 h
The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen, it has become necessary to provide the Government thereof, pending Her Majesty’s pleasure…… ' Q6 F, U7 T* A: P; w
兩份公告目的在於曉喻香港居民,英國已經成為香港的新統治者。即便如此,民眾亦毋需惶恐,因為中國傳統禮儀習俗、宗教儀式、風俗習慣等個人權利不但會繼續保留,而且基於引入一種華洋分治,一島兩制的二元化法律體系 (a dual legal system) ,即華人將繼續依從中國法律及習慣,英國及其他各國人士則接受英國法的統治 [4] 。3 A N* s/ d3 z0 v2 W% `( p* k1 l8 m
根據中國社會科學院研究員劉存寛教授,在其著作《香港史論叢》第二章<英國強佔香港島與所謂「穿鼻條約」>中指出,這兩份公告的基礎,是以 1 月 20 日的通知為依據。換言之, 2 月 1 日公告中的 "clear public agreement between the High Officers of the Celestial and British Courts" ,和義律 2 月 2 日公告中所指的 "The island of Hongkong having been ceded to the British Crown under the seal of the Imperial Minister and High Commissioner Keshen" ,都是以義律在通知中的「達成初步安排」為依據。而這個有「達成」「安排」的「文據」,便是琦善在《穿鼻草約》蓋上的關防。 ' J8 ?3 ]7 ]; I" | % ^: r3 J" i8 c0 w公仔箱論壇可是,這兩份極重要的公告中,存在三個問題:TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ ^( b" n; j( ~
照得貴大臣爵閣部堂二十六日來文,均已閲悉。現在事事既已說定,本公使大臣全賴貴大臣爵閣部堂誠信,知必如議,於二十一年正月初旬以內,就行開港貿易,茲備公文,咨會佰統師,請即讓還沙角、大角等處。所有兵船軍師,撤退九龍所近之香港島地駐剳,並請將日前所獲貴國舟師等船,一俟貴大臣爵閣部堂派弁。」 6 K1 I& v5 K+ f/ O# A f
從義律這復照的內容來看,他重複琦所說的「現在事事既已說定」,並不只是重申琦善復照中所說的釋放兩名港腳商人的決定,更不是重申琦善所承諾的「代奏」,而是對自己「讓還沙角、大角等處」、「兵船軍師撤退九龍所近之香港島地駐剳」等承諾的保証。換言之,義律已獨自將「尖沙咀、香港各等處讓給英國主治」變為既定事實。 0 A: c: ?( \, Z jTVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。然而,義律在 20 日這復照仍沒有將香港主權問題包含在「現在事事既已說定」內。到了 1 月 28 日和 30 日,伯麥致廣東大鵬營協鎮和義律發給琦善的復照中,我們便可以清楚看到,兩人將生米當作熟飯吃的全景 [13] :公仔箱論壇* ~" k, ?7 ^# U/ C: R/ v
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伯麥:「照得本國公使大臣義。與欽差大臣爵閣部堂琦。說定諸事,議將香港等處全島地方,讓給英國主掌,已有文據在案。」tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb( o. E- |0 y5 O3 Z M
義律:「照得先日與貴大臣爵閣部堂,議香港一島讓給英國主治,其對面之尖沙嘴地,聽照大臣爵閣部堂來意,不請兼給,當經面為說明。」 8 v/ M+ Z e, [( V1 x( k ; o* p, j+ B/ C3 a對於讓出香港給英國主治,琦善究竟有何回應呢?琦善遲遲沒有回答關於香港島的主權問題。由義律在以上 1 月 30 日宣佈「議香港一島讓給英國主治」起,直至 6 天後的 2 月 5 日,琦善才在發給義律的復照中稱義律應就他於 1 月 5 日的「開列各條」(當中以戰爭脅迫琦善懲治林鄧二人、平等行書模式、償還款項、歸還定海等事宜,但不包括香港寄居或主治)來砌商 [15] ,不能「更改等語」。亦由於義律的要求與其在 1 月 8 日擬訂的《酌定草底》,即 2 月 13 日給琦善《善定事宜》的草約「不甚相遠,不過漢文通順,是以語句字面,每有不同」為由,並要求與義侓再晤詳談 [16] 。 5 x4 P+ ` B. X: J公仔箱論壇公仔箱論壇8 I% H% L7 {8 h; r+ i A" O
到了 2 月 13 日,心急如焚的義律仍未等到琦善的實際回覆,亦沒有面談草約細節,於是義律照會促請琦善說道 [17] :tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb6 E! h2 y! R& t' X+ j, t
今將昨經貴大臣爵閣部堂與本公使大臣議擬陳列善定事宜條款,逐一繕寫漢英同文一張送閲。惟照英國之例,須應兩國欽差大使,均在一所,同時當面蓋印,是故特請貴大臣爵閣部堂,指出面會處所,定於早日再晤,幸得蓋印完結。# a, c% I' L; G
You have obtained the Cession of Hong Kong, a barren Island with hardly a House upon it; and even this Cession as it is called, seems to me, from the conditions with which it is clogged, not to be a cession of the Sovereignty of the Island, which could only be made by the signature of the Emperor, but to be a permission to us to make a Settlement there, upon the same footing on which the Portuguese have an establishment at Macao. 5 G4 Y% F3 l5 {6 \- d- F. L4 {8 Etvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
With reference to the Proclamation which has appeared in the Newspapers of this Country, issued by you to Her Majesty’s Subjects in China, in which you declare the Island of Hong Kong to be annexed forever tot the British dominions, I have to observe to you that no part of the Territory belonging to one Sovereign can be ceded and made over to another Sovereign, except by a formal Treaty, ratified by the Sovereign by whom the cession is made, and that no Subject has the power to alienate any portion of the territory of his Sovereign. Consequently, the agreement made by Keshen that Hong Kong should be ceded to the British Crown, EVEN IF THAT AGREEMENT HAS BEEN RECORDED IN THE FORMAL SHAPE OF A TREATY, would have been of NO VALUE or force until it had been ratified by The Emperor of China. Your Proclamation was therefore ENTIRELY PREMATURE, inasmuch as it does not appear that any formal Treaty for the cession of Hong Kong had been signed between you and Keshen; and that all events, it is certain that at the time when you issued your Proclamation, no such Treaty, even if signed by Keshen, had been ratified by the Emperor.(大寫為筆者所加)9 I( x" a6 I2 b4 n1 D0 R3 |
In ignorance of Captain Elliot’s proposals of Jan 8, 1841, it is impossible to state clearly what was agreed to on this point; but it would appear that the Island of Hong Kong had been ceded as a place of settlement; clogged, however, with a condition that all duties are to be paired there in the same manner as they have hitherto been paid at Whampoa; that is (it is presumed) that they should be assessed and collected at Hong Kong by Chinese officers. In fact, IT DOES NOT CLEARLY APPEAR THAT HONG KONG IS CEDED TO GREAT BRITAIN IN ABSOLUTE SOVEREIGNTY.(大寫為筆者所加) * v% E) X% ~+ L1 Y, stvb now,tvbnow,bttvb
The government of China is perfectly convinced that the Island of Hong Kong will not be yielded up, and if it suited the purposes or character of Her Majesty’s Government to accept it under any such modification as would save the appearance of its formal cession, and declaration were made that we were satisfied with that extent of territorial possession, they would be well content to adjust affairs at once.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題,最新最快電視,軟體,遊戲,電影,動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。* e3 e: z+ m0 L! @2 x, Z! x