本帖最後由 bchew 於 2009-12-22 09:32 AM 編輯 3 j$ j& E4 }) z0 W
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$ ~$ k$ L& H, T( \+ d, QTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ l6 N# | V+ B% }
People have become significant earth movers, outpacing all sources of natural erosion. More and more
2 U% H$ W: Z. G1 [% y& b7 t5 hof our footprint can be seen from space in many forms, including cities, reservoirs,agriculture and
+ Y+ }* p* i6 v: V5.39.217.77deforestation. Among the most impressive human scars on the planet are open-pit mines.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb$ o8 n% g/ U4 ~: r' j
We’ve gathered some of the biggest, most spectacular and interesting mines, as captured by " Z* K' u) o+ q1 w7 F' S2 g
astronauts and satellites on the following pages.
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Above: Berkeley Pit, Butte, Montana
) Q4 G' a4 a* c公仔箱論壇This former copper mine operated between 1955 and 1982. Gold and silver were also mined.
# {3 p9 l/ q3 M' W+ i5.39.217.77An elaborate system of pumps and drains kept the local water level low enough for mining.
7 ~& t6 k/ j2 ` B: k/ Q, u& bToday, the 1,780 foot-deep pit is filled with around 900 feet of very contaminated water filled; `# J! B' |# s" O9 P) A, a
with metals and chemicals such as arsenic, cadmium, pyrite, zinc,copper and sulfuric acid. The 0 z4 T3 ~% {9 Y, y; E( E3 B1 K
water can be as acidic as battery acid,and copper can actually be “mined” directly from the water.
P$ G7 \6 U3 U, N/ G( _7 e4 m5 i5.39.217.77Currently, the 1-mile-by-0.5-mile pit is listed as a federal Superfund site with the potential to ; f9 x/ k2 N" }$ i/ C, I/ `; W @
contaminate surrounding ground water, and,surprisingly, is also a tourist attraction, complete / E+ G \! {% N+ B
with gift shop and$2 admission fee.
; B9 `% g+ g) I4 F7 S/ U) K公仔箱論壇This photograph was taken Aug. 2, 2006, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
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: I: y+ H& T* |# U5.39.217.77
9 z' [1 Z6 N& VEscondida Mine, Chile
! i8 {3 g' i" W$ E5 T% H- Stvb now,tvbnow,bttvbThe Escondida mine, opened in 1990 at 10,000 feet in northern Chile’s Atacama desert, currently produces
2 u. V" @# [7 {+ VTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。more copper than any other mine in the world, with 1.5 million tons in 2007, worth more than $10 billion and 公仔箱論壇4 u1 \ M$ e3 U8 k
representing nearly a tenth of world copper production. More than 6,000 people work at the mine.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb# |. [4 S% y( n5 i$ L: o0 W; S* C* D
This image was captured in 2000 by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 5.39.217.773 | e. D% ]( K( A: _8 v
aboard NASA’s Terra satellite.0 n9 n: @# Y8 d7 r8 N H
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。% f4 u$ \' O4 s Q0 J5 m
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TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。+ u7 T# {- ]0 d& G8 s% {$ t, o# o
Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah
: S5 S) X4 M$ F" b7 CLocated 20 miles outside Salt Lake City in the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon copper pit has produced
9 S- O6 E2 K/ p( G6 }* `6 u9 hTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。more than 18million tons of copper over its lifetime, more than any other mine in the world. The pit is about 2.75
& p2 E: ^8 k9 k7 ]miles wide and 4,000 feet deep. Two Empire State buildings stacked one on top of the the other wouldn’t reach 3 B' v! \; T! }8 i# @
the top. By 2015, the mine will be 500 feet deeper, and a third Empire State building will fit inside. The terraces 5.39.217.771 I8 ]3 u/ k& f
inside the pit,which provide a base for the digging equipment and also stabilize the slopes, can be more than 80 TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。; D. w7 [1 X( s5 B
feet high. Opened in 1904, the site has been named a historic landmark./ u* O% Y5 S( @8 L2 T6 L3 ?( n
This photograph was taken Sept. 20, 2007, by astronauts aboard the International Space Station with a digital
( p1 Y8 B; D+ M$ ~: j公仔箱論壇camera and an 800mm lens.
7 o$ W! S& Y( ]TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 n2 S' R. _; {: w2 b# D {2 M; k0 j
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Yuba River Goldfields, California.tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb7 x- d. _# B( R8 u/ o' z
The Yuba Goldfields are a strange culmination of years of pressure-jet mining for gold upstream in the Sierra Nevada,
3 i9 R$ L" G& [* c; x! W- w+ w/ u4 f5.39.217.77dredging the tailings out of the river, and mining the tailings for gold and then later for gravel. The result is an odd
4 Q1 l0 v; Q. ^8 Ulandscape of reddish-brown and gray hills of gravel with water-filled ravines in between.
- w* }+ g' y- _4 B J# L( ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbShortly after gold was discovered in the Sierra Nevadain 1848, panning gave way to highly destructive hydraulic tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" j- E* R& l0 Z8 E0 P
mining, which involves blasting sediment away with high-powered jets of water. Gold was extracted from the gravel,
! `2 |2 f- h* X7 f4 d6 E" \! P5 gTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。which was then dumped and carried downstream by rivers into the Sacramento Valley. The Yuba River ended up with 5.39.217.779 D. {, f/ s2 Q! c% j" R
685 million cubic feet of the mine waste, which raised the level of the river, overflowed the banks and buried farms.; [8 B1 w9 S; }* a' n. W) P6 M( T
Dredging of the Yuba began in 1893, and soon after,mining companies began to sift and re sift through the debris to 2 K7 B2 G1 W& f+ W+ p$ W
extract ever-smaller bits of gold. By 1970, all economically feasible gold removal had been completed, and mining of the
) f$ I- |3 Q9 G& Y, x- n, vtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbgravel for concrete began. Today, ownership of the land is disputed among mining companies, private owners and the government.
# w1 e: I% ?* w$ J7 t BThis image was taken by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra satellite Aug. 29, 2001. w1 X! M8 o, f
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Toquepala Copper Mine, Peru5.39.217.779 h; I/ ^ f5 X. L
Located in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru, the Toquepala mine is 1.5 miles wide and 2,300 feet deep. 5.39.217.776 q: V9 U! u4 \' W) ]9 J
The mine’s main output is copper, but it also produces gold, silver and molybdenum. The railroad that was 5 N8 e* l/ `) `; l0 ]- y
constructed to carry the ore 60 miles to the coast can be seen winding down a canyon left of the center,
$ f Z! A' p# [$ J0 S# j公仔箱論壇heading southwest from the mine. This image was captured by astronauts aboard the International Space tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb5 {* N+ G n j/ b
Station on Sept. 22, 2003.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ o1 H1 ~7 b: d5 p7 i* U
/ N) Z6 c. A4 ^% Y! _' v9 K; @TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
6 z3 W+ K5 K9 v3 \" A! PTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。 E- [+ K9 d. S% ~, g- Y" N
Freeport Mine, Indonesia5.39.217.770 P. h' x I- B- h _* V5 I
The Freeport Mine, also known as the Grasberg complex,is a huge mining operation in Indonesia’s Sudirman TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。$ W7 b5 u7 l: v3 {
Mountains. Copper was discovered here in 1936, and gold was first found in 1988. Today,the mine is one of
# X* N" M1 X; a/ D8 l/ j6 N5.39.217.77the largest gold- and copper-extraction operations in the world. The open pit is 2.5 miles wide, and there is
+ r D9 f3 C" ?" m8 @) _5 xtvb now,tvbnow,bttvbextensive underground mining in the area as well. Glaciers are also visible in the image.5.39.217.77% z! h9 C9 ]* C m: w
This photograph was taken June 25, 2005, by astronauts on the International Space Station.公仔箱論壇0 m: b+ ~: ]0 N9 n1 E% G
8 P( r; l( U, r! o* p D" W! uTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。
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Cananea Mine, Mexico
% Z( R+ s; D3 [: u; gThe Cananea mine is located 25 miles south of the United States border in Sonora, Mexico. The active Colorada
W M6 g( {6 U5.39.217.77Pit in the upper right is 1.6 miles across. It is one of the largest copper producers in the world and also contains tvb now,tvbnow,bttvb" j$ Z0 C; B$ X7 u0 _
gold. Those two metals are often found together where hot magma forced its way up into the overlying bedrock. 5.39.217.77, f- d- O. |) m( J
The magma crystallized there while hot fluids circulated through it and into fractures in the surrounding rock,altering
5 C/ c/ ]" r! R$ u4 e) v! Z5 kTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。the rock to produce copper-rich minerals and gold.- p1 w7 E( Z; G
A 1906 miner’s strike at Cananea turned violent and resulted in 19 deaths, contributing to events that led to the 5.39.217.77% {! E! m$ _$ Z& s8 I: p$ ]
Mexican Revolution in 1910. Another strike stopped work at the mine in 2007.公仔箱論壇% q3 \0 z% L+ @- c9 \0 A/ y
This image was taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station on March 3, 2008.
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Phosphate Mines, Jordantvb now,tvbnow,bttvb! E3 T U3 ~9 X2 E! D5 ~! `8 g
Phosphate mining is an important industry in Jordan,which has abundant deposits of the mineral on approximately 60
$ a+ h9 J, L9 ]6 t5 }1 YTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。percent of its territory. Phosphorus is essential to living things, and food can’t be produced without it. Some scientists
+ W: v- c4 N/ ltvb now,tvbnow,bttvbfear a shortage of this critical resource is impending and have predicted the world will reach “Peak Phosphorus,” the
) O# F6 C3 x! |% X c7 H4 y& I4 o7 Mpoint at which production will begin to decline, just 30 years from now. There is currently no synthetic alternative.
6 e! v1 M2 W9 A7 T4 T: e5 a5.39.217.77This image was capture by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer on NASA’s Terra
: B+ s3 @/ t9 R. _+ y: w: Q公仔箱論壇satellite Sept. 17, 2005. It is a false-color composite of visible and infrared images. Vegetation appears red, water is
$ ]! a8 G Q* e% oblue, and rock and soil can be anywhere from buff to black. The mining operation is the area just left of center in the
+ d4 y0 g8 a. H6 sTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。lower part of the image that appears striped.TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。' S! _8 i U; m8 g4 C) z
TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。9 t- c- N; J- l* j; D8 K, u
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+ b) Z% e+ v# U4 P$ p. N" ttvb now,tvbnow,bttvbNew Cornelia Mine, Arizona
+ A' i: N5 k9 _/ a) l$ [5.39.217.77Copper was first mined from this area just south of the mining town of Ajo, Arizona, around 1750. The open-pit mine pictured TVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。4 N$ X7 u4 Q! N3 P a8 o( Q' \
above began being excavated in earnest in 1912. It was shut down in 1983 when the price of copper dropped. The scalloped
8 l0 m( l3 P& C0 a- cland just to the right of the mine is covered in tailings, and the large gray rectangles above that are containment ponds where ' p1 `/ H$ u6 Y4 K
the metal was extracted.
/ I \) ?: d$ S4 vTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。公仔箱論壇0 M: t1 @! q& ?% G* Z7 T8 P* j
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Hambach Coal Mines, Germany D7 j7 K3 I7 Z. \5 i' `
The bright white-and-dark-blue–striped areas on the right side of this image are opencast coal mines in mid western Germany.
9 f! H$ A6 C, I8 UTVBNOW 含有熱門話題，最新最快電視，軟體，遊戲，電影，動漫及日常生活及興趣交流等資訊。One of the mines is currently being worked by the Bagger 293, the largest machine in the world.The bucket-wheel excavator
) w0 u" c& Z, h# g9 v! Sis twice as long as a soccer field and a stall as a 30-story building, and digs up 30 million tons of lignite per year.
$ d9 _" `+ Y7 @3 DThis image, captured by the Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer aboard NASA’s Terra satellite
8 A N, U1 A3 N9 i1 N nAug. 26, 2000, is a simulated natural-color image. The bright-green rectangular patches are crops, the gray patches are 公仔箱論壇! n6 u3 x1 b' {4 v7 q: T; T R
bare ground, and the bluish-gray areas are towns.
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