Amsterdam,Netherlands

Amsterdam is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, lying at the center of the Randstad, one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe. Its status as the Dutch capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands.Amsterdam has a population of 801,200 within city limits, 1,557,905 in the urban region and 2,332,839 in the greater metropolitan area.The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of theRandstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.公仔箱論壇2 j: h  l$ |8 y1 r# w
Amsterdam's name derives from Amstelredamme indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.
As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered an alpha world city by the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) study group. The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands.[10] Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and 7 of the world's top 500 companies, includingPhilips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked 2nd best city to live by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)  and 12th globally on quality of living by Mercer. The city was previously ranked 3rd in innovation by 2thinknow in the Innovation Cities Index 2009.
The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. Amsterdam's main attractions, including its historic canals, the Rijksmuseum, theVan Gogh Museum, Stedelijk Museum, Hermitage Amsterdam, Anne Frank House, Amsterdam Museum, its red-light district, and its many cannabis coffee shops draw more than 3.66 million international visitors annually.5 ~- Y0 A; F# ]7 k
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阿姆斯特丹是荷兰首都及最大城市，位于该国西部省份北荷兰省。根据2008年1月的统计数据，这座城市人口达747,290人；而该城市所处的兰斯台德都市圈，大约有670万人口，是欧洲第6大都市圈。& S6 m6 k" s: L. M$ S& W
其名称源于Amstel dam,这表明了该城市的起源：一个位于阿姆斯特尔河上的水坝，即今水坝广场址。12世纪晚期一个小渔村建于此，而后由于贸易的迅猛发展，阿姆斯特丹在荷兰黄金时代一跃而成为世界上最重要的港口。在那个时代，该城是金融和钻石的中心。[8] 19和20世纪，该城扩展，许多新的街坊与近郊住宅区形成。
阿姆斯特丹是荷兰的金融和文化首都。许多荷兰大型机构的总部都设于此，其中包括飞利浦和ING等7家世界500强企业的总部。作为泛欧交易所的一部分，阿姆斯特丹证券交易所坐落于城市中心。阿姆斯特丹有很多旅游景点，包括历史悠久的运河网、荷兰国家博物馆、凡·高博物馆、安妮之家、红灯区以及许多大麻咖啡馆。每年有大约420万游客来此观光。
作为当前荷兰第一大城市，阿姆斯特丹历经了从渔村到国际化大都市的发展过程，经历了辉煌与破坏，以及世界大战的洗礼，从一定程度上讲，她的历史也是荷兰历史的一个缩影。

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17世紀被認為是阿姆斯特丹的黃金年代。荷蘭商船從阿姆斯特丹開往波羅的海、北美洲和非洲，以及今天的印尼、印度、斯里蘭卡和巴西，由此構建了世界貿易網絡的基礎。荷蘭東印度公司與荷蘭西印度公司發行的大量股票為阿姆斯特丹商人所擁有。這兩個公司所奪得的海外屬地後來演變為了荷蘭的殖民地。阿姆斯特丹也在此時成為了歐洲航運和世界融資的中心。1602年，荷蘭東印度公司的阿姆斯特丹辦公室開始出售自己的股票，並成為了世界上第一家證券交易所。

然而，從18世紀開始，阿姆斯特丹的繁榮開始褪色。荷蘭與英國和法國之間的戰爭，打擊了處於巔峰的阿姆斯特丹。後來，荷蘭被拿破崙率領的法國軍隊所佔領。直到1815年，擺脫法國統治的荷蘭與現在的比利時和盧森堡組成荷蘭王國，這座城市才迎來了發展的第二次春天。

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